Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

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2. “Let us at least make sure that the next generation understands, better than ours has done, or at least mine has done, that human security is as much governance, human rights, and social justice, as it is about arsenals.” Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-General November 2000

3. THE NUCLEAR THREAT continues today… THE MILLENIUM SUMMIT of the General Assembly resolved “to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons…”

4. HIROSHIMA, 1945 “The need for a more human-centred approach to security is reinforced by the continuing dangers that weapons of mass destruction, most notably nuclear weapons, pose to humanity.” Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

5. Banning NUCLEAR TEST EXPLOSIONS Forever OVER 2000 NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS worldwide were registered in the 51 years between the first nuclear explosive test on 16 July 1945 and the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty on 24 September 1996.

6. Banning and Destroying CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS “Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases… has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world.” From the preamble of the 1925 Geneva Protocol banning the use in war of chemical and bacteriological methods of warfare

7. CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Fighting Today’s Wars OVERSUPPLIES OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS • Make war more likely and more deadly • Encourage violence • Prolong conflicts • Hamper humanitarian aid • Threaten peace agreements • Endanger peacekeepers • Destabilize Governments • Hinder economic development

8. The Heavy Toll of SMALL ARMS In recent conflicts around the world, small arms and light weapons have been the cause of four out of five casualties. The vast majority of victims have been non-combattants. Most are women and children.

9. Modern arms are light, easy to carry and hide, require little maintenance and little or no training. They can make every farmer, every office worker, even every school child, a potential soldier.

10. LANDMINES Don’t Walk Here Today, 80% of landmine victims are civilians, killed or injured after wars and conflicts have ended. One third of the nations of the earth are affected by mine and unexploded ordinance (UXO) contamination.

11. A landmine can cost as little as US $3 to manufacture. Finding and removing it can cost as much as US $1,000.

12. DISARMAMENT SOLUTIONS • REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS • INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING • WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS • DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS • FIVE PILLARS OF THE UN MINE ACTION

13. REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS At the height of the cold war, more than 70,000 nuclear weapons existed. Much has been achieved: • To reduce, dismantle and eliminate nuclear weapons • To stop the spread of nuclear weapons • To monitor material from dismantled nuclear weapons • To stop the testing of nuclear weapons • To create nuclear-weapon-free zones

14. REDUCING NUCLEAR DANGERS Much still needs to be done As we start the millennium, more than 30,000 nuclear weapons remain. Many are on high alert and ready to be launched on warning. Torching Nuclear Arms: Nuclear missile dismantling, 1998 (US Department of Energy

15. INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING Moratoriums on nuclear test explosions have been declared by all five nuclear-weapon States pending entry into force of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty…. Seismic monitors help scientists distinguish between a nuclear explosion and an earthquake.

16. INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL BAN ON NUCLEAR TESTING Infrasound monitors detect acoustic waves generated from distant sources, such as chemical and nuclear explosions. Hydroacoustic monitors register sound signals deep in the ocean. Radionuclide monitors measure air samples for the presence of radioactive material.

17. WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was established to achieve the goals and objectives of the first globally verifiable multilateral disarmament treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, to completely prohibit the use, development, production, and stockpiling of chemical weapons, as well as the destruction of existing stocks.

18. WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Through routine inspections, challenge inspections and investigations of alleged use, the OPCW • Ensures the implementation of the conventions provisions • Monitors implementation • Provides a forum for consultation and cooperation among States Parties. Chemical weapons inspectors. French troops in Kuwait, 1991

19. WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Biological Weapons Convention To ensure compliance with the provisions of the Biological Weapons Convention, the need for global, cooperative compliance and verification measures has become much more acute.

20. WORKING TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Biological Weapons Convention To bolster confidence in the effectiveness of the Convention, the States parties to the Convention currently exchange information on: • Research centres and laboratories; • National biological defense research and development programmes; • Infectious disease outbreaks; • Relevant legislation; • Vaccine production

21. DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS • The first UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects adopted in July 2001 a forward-looking programme of action that committed nations, regions and the international Community collectively to: • Help to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms. “Flame of Peace”; a ceremonial destruction of weapons collected from rebels, Timbuktu, Mali

22. DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS • Enhance cooperation among states to end illegal transfers and sales. • Reduce the accumulation of small arms and light weapons around the world. • Encourage the collection and destruction of excess weapons in exchange for development incentives. Actor Michael Douglas destroying arms in a UN/UNDP pilot “arms for development” project. Gramsh, Albania. October 1999.

23. DISARMAMENT OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS United Nations Register of Conventional Arms promotes trust and confidence through transparency. More than 90 member states report to the United Nations, other Governments, and to the people every year regarding their imports and exports of major weapons systems. More than 95% of the trade in tanks, armoured vehicles, combat aircraft, large-caliber artillery, attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile launchers is covered by the register.

24. FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION The UN works in close partnership with Governments, civil society, business and individuals to tackle the landmine crisis. MINE AWARENESS: Populations at risk must be educated and local authorities trained to deal with landmine problems. CLEARING A PATH -- DEMINING: Finding and disposing of these devices is time-consuming, difficult and expensive. Digging for landmines, Cambodia

25. FIVE PILLARS OF MINE ACTION VICTIM ASSISTANCE: Rehabilitation of and care for thousands of maimed, blinded and crippled victims of landmine explosions. ADVOCACY FOR GLOBAL BAN: Making the ban effective and universal. STOCKPILE REDUCTION: Keeping to treaty commitments and building confidence in the Convention Banning Landmines. Learning about landmines, Mozambique, 1994, UN Mine Action Service

26. 24 January 1946 First Resolution of the General Assembly seeks ways to eliminate atomic weapons from national armaments 29 July 1957 International Atomic Energy Agency established. 1 December 1959 The Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent, bans the testing of any kind of weapons and prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material. 5 August 1963 Partial Test-Ban Treaty bans nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater 5 March 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits nuclear and non-nuclear states to nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and the peaceful uses of energy TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 24 January 1946 First Resolution of the General Assembly seeks ways to eliminate atomic weapons from national armaments 29 July 1957 International Atomic Energy Agency established. 1 December 1959 The Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent, bans the testing of any kind of weapons and prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material. 5 August 1963 Partial Test-Ban Treaty bans nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater 5 March 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits nuclear and non-nuclear states to nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear disarmament and the peaceful uses of energy

27. 11 February 1971 The Sea-Bed Treaty bans the emplacement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor and its subsoil 10 April 1972 Biological Weapons Convention bans bacteriological and biological warfare 26 May 1972 SALT I and ABM Treaty Agreement limit strategic offensive arms and anti-ballistic missile systems between the USSR and US 18 June 1979 SALT II further limits strategic offensive arms between USSR and US 10 April 1981 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons bans weapons which explode fragments that are by X-ray undetectable within the human body, limits the use of certain types of mines and booby traps, bans incendiary weapons designed to set fire to targets and bans the use of blinding laser weapons TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 10 April 1981 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons bans weapons which explode fragments that are by X-ray undetectable within the human body, limits the use of certain types of mines and booby traps, bans incendiary weapons designed to set fire to targets and bans the use of blinding laser weapons 11 February 1971 The Sea-Bed Treaty bans the emplacement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor and its subsoil 10 April 1972 Biological Weapons Convention bans bacteriological and biological warfare 26 May 1972 SALT I and ABM Treaty Agreement limit strategic offensive arms and anti-ballistic missile systems between the USSR and US 18 June 1979 SALT II further limits strategic offensive arms between USSR and US

28. 8 December 1987 INF Treaty eliminates entire category of intermediate and shorter-range nuclear weapons of the USSR and US 19 November 1990 CFE Treaty curtails conventional weapons systems in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains 31 July 1991 START I Treaty reduces strategic nuclear weapons to 6,000 for USSR and US 23 May 1992 Lisbon Protocol Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine -- successor states to USSR -- accede to START I 3 January 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits chemical warfare and provides for destruction of all stocks TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 8 December 1987 INF Treaty eliminates entire category of intermediate and shorter-range nuclear weapons of the USSR and US 19 November 1990 CFE Treaty curtails conventional weapons systems in Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains 31 July 1991 START I Treaty reduces strategic nuclear weapons to 6,000 for USSR and US 23 May 1992 Lisbon Protocol Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine -- successor states to USSR -- accede to START I 3 January 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits chemical warfare and provides for destruction of all stocks

29. 24 September 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear test explosions in all environments for all time 2-4 December 1997 Mine Ban Convention bans all anti-personnel landmines and provides for their destruction TIMELINE OF HISTORIC TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 24 September 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty bans all nuclear test explosions in all environments for all time 2-4 December 1997 Mine Ban Convention bans all anti-personnel landmines and provides for their destruction

30. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent and bans the testing of nuclear devices and the placement of radioactive waste. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty mandates that nuclear weapons not be placed or tested in outer space or on the moon. The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean The 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga declares the South Pacific a nuclear-free zone The 1996 Pelindaba Treaty declares the African continent a nuclear-weapon-free zone The 1997 Bangkok Treaty declares Southeast Asia a nuclear-weapon-free zone In 1998, the General Assembly recognizes Mongolia’s declaration of its nuclear-weapon-free status. KEEPING THE WORLD-- OUTER SPACE --FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS The 1967 Outer Space Treaty mandates that nuclear weapons not be placed or tested in outer space or on the moon. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty demilitarizes the continent and bans the testing of nuclear devices and the placement of radioactive waste. The 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga declares the South Pacific a nuclear-free zone The 1996 Pelindaba Treaty declares the African continent a nuclear-weapon-free zone The 1997 Bangkok Treaty declares Southeast Asia a nuclear-weapon-free zone In 1998, the General Assembly recognizes Mongolia’s declaration of its nuclear-weapon-free status. The 1967 Treaty of Tlatelolco prohibits nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean -

31. Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION Provide Safe, Clean Water $ 10 BILLION Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION Prevent Global Warming $ 8 BILLION Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION Stop Deforestation $ 7 BILLION Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION Refugee Relief $ 5 BILLION Eliminate Illiteracy $ 5 BILLION Build Democracy $ 2 BILLION Remove Land Mines$ 2 BILLION GLOBAL PRIORITIES

32. Annual World Military Expenditures $ 800 BILLION Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION Retire Developing Nations’ Debt $ 30 BILLION Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION Provide Health Care and AIDS Control $ 21 BILLION Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition $ 19 BILLION GLOBAL PRIORITIES

33. Annual World Military Expenditures $ 800 BILLION Provide Clean, Safe Energy $ 50 BILLION $ 30 BILLION Retire Developing Nations’ Debt Prevent Soil Erosion $ 24 BILLION $ 21 BILLION Provide Health Care and AIDS Control Provide Shelter $ 21 BILLION $ 19 BILLION Eliminate Starvation and Malnutrition Stabilize Population $ 10.5 BILLION $ 10 BILLION Provide Clean, Safe Water Prevent Acid Rain $ 8 BILLION $ 8 BILLION Prevent Global Warming Eliminate Nuclear Weapons $ 7 BILLION $ 7 BILLION Stop Deforestation Stop Ozone Depletion $ 5 BILLION $ 5 BILLION Refugee Relief Eliminate Illiteracy$ 5 BILLION $ 2 BILLION Build Democracy Remove Landmines$ 2 BILLION OVERSPENDING ON WEAPONS vs people GLOBAL PRIORITIES

34. Peace and Security throughDISARMAMENT For more information please visit the United Nations Disarmament Website http://disarmament.un.org enquiries by email: ddaweb@un.org