Managing Peace and Security

1. Managing Peace and Security Diplomacy and Deterrence

2. 1.1 Why do Conflicts occur among countries? • All countries protect their national interests • Conflicts occur when countries disagree on issues • Disagreements arise over the following: • Competing Territory • Conflict over scarce natural resources • Conflict over ideological differences

3. Competing Territory • Control over land can mean a lot to a country esp. if • The land is important to their defence • The land represents national pride • Sometimes countries try to control land that isn’t theirs • If a territory is claimed by two countries, it can result in conflict.

4. Conflict over Border • In 1947, India inherited a border drawn by the British • China disagreed with the border • Difficult in having a clear border because most of the frontier is inaccessible • Two border regions became areas of conflict: • Aksai Chin Plateau (West) • North Eastern Frontier Agency (East)

5. Conflict over Border • Late 1950s, China was unwilling to negotiate seriously with India and commit to a fixed border • In 1958, China built a road on the Aksai Chin Plateau and India protested that China had violated India’s territorial rights • China disagreed saying that the border was not fixed

6. Conflict over Border • In 1959, tension worsened when fighting broke out • By mid-1961, China occupied more territories of India it regarded as its own • India demanded the return of the territories • 1962, war broke out • India and China signed an agreement in 2005 to address the issue but it has not been resolved

7. Conflict over scarce resources • Natural resources are unequally distributed around the world • Some countries have more, some have less • Those with less might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival

8. Conflict over scarce resources • During the 1970s, Iceland and Britain were in conflict over fishing grounds • Iceland depended on fishing for survival and felt threatened when fishermen from other European countries overfished around Iceland • Fish stocks decreased around Iceland

9. Conflict over scarce resources • In 1975, Iceland extended its zone of control over fishing from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles • No countries could fish within that boundary without Iceland’s permission • Britain refused to acknowledge the boundary • Iceland cut diplomatic ties with Britain in Feb 1976

10. Conflict over scarce resources • Ties only restored in June 1976 after an agreement was signed • Britain could only catch a fixed amount • Iceland’s patrols could stop boats to check them

11. Conflict over ideological differences • Different values and beliefs among countries can cause conflict • Countries can come into conflict if they feel that their ideologies are being threatened

12. Conflict over ideological differences • North Korea and South Korea fought a war because N. Korea believed in communism and South Korea believed in Democracy • Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel after WW II • The northern part was temporarily occupied by the USSR while the South was occupied by USA

13. Conflict over ideological differences • The UN called for an election in 1947 to establish a government to unite Korea • The USSR refused and installed a communist regime in the North • North Korea invaded the South in 1950 to unite Korea under communism • The USA, its allies and the UN defended South Korea

14. Conflict over ideological differences • UN forces forced the North Koreans back • In Aug 1953, an agreement to stop fighting was signed by all parties and a demilitarised zone between North and South was created.

15. 2.2 Why is Deterrence necessary? • Being militarily self-reliant is important • Singapore experienced the Japanese occupation and Indonesian Confrontation • Without a strong military force, people do not feel secure and foreign companies are not willing to invest • Singapore government realised this when the British pulled out in 1966.

16. 2.3 How is Deterrence practised? • A citizen armed force • 3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces • Singapore’s Defence Industry • Total Defence • Multi-Agency coordination on security • Military co-operation with other countries

17. A Citizen Armed Force • Singapore could not afford a large professional army • The government decided to build a citizen armed force through enlistment • In 1967, National Service was introduced • Singaporeans learn to defend the nation in their time in NS • Singaporeans also bond through their experiences in NS

18. A Citizen Armed Force • Upon completion of NS, these men would continue to serve as operationally-ready NS men for 10 years. • During their training, they would undergo refresher courses and maintain their competence

19. 3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces • Warfare has become more complex • Therefore, SAF consistently enhances its capabilities in warfare through R&D • SAF started a project with research institutes and local unis to create the 3G SAF • 3G SAF works towards maximising defensive capabilities through modern technology

20. Singapore’s Defence Industry • SAF needs the latest technology to build an effective fighting force • Singapore does this by building its own defence industry, making SAF self-reliant • The defence industry started in 1967 with the establishment of Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) • CIS has now developed into a successful defence company

21. Singapore’s Defence Industry • Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern technology to the SAF • Focuses on buying and upgrading weapons, as well as developing new weapons • Conducts research with other countries

22. Total Defence • Civil Defence • Economic Defence • Social Defence • Psychological Defence • Military Defence

23. Total Defence: Civil Defence • Important to know what to do in a civil emergency • Example: Hotel New World Disaster

24. Total Defence: Economic Defence • Today’s economy requires Singaporeans to adjust to changing demands • Constant need to upgrade skills • Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) formed in 2009 • WDA works with other agencies to help workers upgrade their skills

25. Total Defence: Social Defence • Active strengthening of Social ties through various organisations (CDC and IRCC) • Activities include visit to places of worship and inter-faith dialogues • Helps ensure that unity will not be broken during testing situations

26. Total Defence: Psychological Defence • Having pride and loyalty and wanting to stand up and defend Singapore • Having will and mental strength to overcome challenges • Example: SARS

27. Multi-Agency coordination • National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) set up to coordinate various government agencies • Close networking strengthens Singapore’s national security • NSCS meets regularly to plan national security policies and strategies. • Also works with commercial and private parties to combat threats

28. Military Co-operation with other countries • Singapore actively fosters friendly ties with armed forces of other countries through • Bilateral military agreements and exercises • Agreements with France, Australia, India • Exercises with Malaysia and Indonesia • Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises • Five Power Defence Arrangements • Exercises conducted every year • Members consult one another on deterrence

29. 3.1 Why is Diplomacy necessary? • Countries are connected to one another • Countries use diplomacy to pursue mutual interests • Enables countries to cooperate and solve problems • Resolve conflicts peacefully • Allows countries to help one another

30. 3.2 How is Diplomacy practised? • Bilateral Relations • Regional Relations • International Relations

31. Bilateral Relations • Country-to-Country relationship • Singapore has been actively involved in expanding bilateral relations • Benefits • Trade – Japan, Germany, USA • Technology acquisition

32. Bilateral Relations • Further promote political, economic and cultural ties • Malaysia • Indonesia • Singapore able to speed up economic and social development

33. Bilateral Relations • Singapore willing to help others • Vietnam • Nepal • Aceh (Tsunami Relief) • Singapore gains world recognition and respect

34. Regional Relations • Association of countries in a region • Combining strengths of member countries, the association becomes stronger • Be in a better position when dealing with others • Examples: • European Union (UN) • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

35. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • 1967, five countries formed ASEAN • Indonesia • Malaysia • The Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • ASEAN Declaration signed in Bangkok 8 Aug 1967

36. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • 1960s, SE Asia was going through various challenges • SE Asian leaders saw the need for a regional organisation • Maintain stability • Build trust • ASEAN is a venue for resolving disputes among member countries • ASEAN Is a united and collective voice to strengthen bargaining power with other countries

37. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • ASEAN Initiatives • ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) • SE Asia is attractive to investors • However, intense competition from India & China • Economic Integration is necessary • ASEAN launched AFTA in 1992 • Aims to remove import taxes • Long term plan: integrate Asian economies into a single production base. Remove import taxes by 2015

38. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • ASEAN Initiatives • ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) • Created in 1994 • Involves countries in Asia-Pacific region • Maintain peace by promoting political and security dialogue • Avenue for peaceful discussion and security issues • Participants include China, Japan, North Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, USA and Canada

39. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • ASEAN Initiatives • Education and Professional Exchange • One of Singapore’s contribution to ASEAN is technical knowledge • Provides technical training • Singapore offers scholarships under Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) • No bond involved and allows students from any ASEAN country to study in Singapore universities

40. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • ASEAN Initiatives • Economic cooperation and assistance • Help narrow economic gap between member countries • Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) • Five-year aid package • S$80 million • Selected member countries

41. Regional Relations (ASEAN) • ASEAN Initiatives • Environmental Collaboration • Indonesian Forest Fires in 1997 • Created serious haze problem in the region • Singapore offered assistance in the monitoring of fires through satellite images

42. International Relations (UN) • Formed 26 June 1945 • Membership of 192 countries

43. Singapore and the UN • 117th Member on 21 September 1965 • Gave Singapore recognition as a sovereign state • UN helped Singapore by sending experts in economic and social development • Dr. Albert Winsemius

44. UN Law of the Sea Conference • Defines how countries can draw territorial sea borders • States rights of landlocked states to access the seas • Provides guidelines to safeguard the marine environment • Protects freedom of scientific research • Prof. Tommy Koh was President of the Third UN Conference of the Law of the Sea

45. UN Security Council • Five permanent members • United States, United Kingdom, France, China and Russia • 10 rotating members • Singapore was a rotating member 2001-2002 • Singapore served as President of the Council • Showed confidence member states have in Singapore

46. UN Peacekeeping operations • Help countries torn by conflicts • Peacekeeping operations are auhorised by UN Security Council • Peacekeepers are soldiers, military officers, police officers and civilian personnel • Singapore has been involved since 1989 • 2005 – S’pore involved in 13 operations in 11 different countries