41: Election of 1828

1. This was Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams, round 2. Adams won a disputed election over Jackson just 4 years earlier, and Jackson was furious. However, after a brutal campaign between the two, the former war hero from the South became victorious. Pg. 211 Year: 1828 41: Election of 1828 http://carolineinspace.blogspot.com/2008_10_01_archive.html

2. 42: John C. Calhoun He was a political figure from South Carolina who was most famous for his theory of nullification. He believed that the states had the final say in federal laws because the federal government created the states. He had a powerful rival in Martin Van Buren, who powerfully rejected the idea. In the end, Henry Clay’s compromise settled the issue. Even though Calhoun claimed victory, he knew that no state could oppose the federal government alone. p. 219-220 Year: 1828 http://www.constitution.org/jcc/jcc.htm

3. 43: Nullification Crisis This was the debate over nullification between John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren. The two had radically different views on nullification, which would have given the states many more rights. In the end, Henry Clay came up with a compromise to end the crisis. However, it showed that the state governments could not stand up to the federal government alone. http://amchsapush.blogspot.com/2012/10/mrs-rodriguez-says-more-detail-on.html p. 221 Year: 1833

4. 44: Trail of Tears This was the Indian Removal Policy implanted by President Andrew Jackson. America was expanding rapidly, and people wanted the land of the Indians. They were forced off of their lands in the South into the new Indian Territory, which is in present-day Oklahoma. Many died on this awful trek. http://kirbytd.tripod.com/totimgsindex.html p. 222-225 Year: 1830-1838

5. 45: Nativism p. 241 1837-1880s http://instruct.westvalley.edu/kelly/Distance_Learning/History_17B/Lecture05/Lecture5_p6.htm This was the concern and fear over immigration. Americans were worried that their culture was becoming too mixed and that immigrants were coming in and taking it over. This is coincidental because the Americans came in and did the same thing to the Indian tribes who were already living here.

6. 46: The Telegraph This was an invention created by Samuel F.B. Morse that made communication much easier. His invention allowed people to communicate with each other even if they were not together. This allowed news to spread quicker to the American population, and people were able to communicate easier. http://studentweb.maconstate.edu/michael.chitwood/ITEC2380/final/telegraph.htm p. 246 Year: 1832

7. 47: The Railroad http://nbfpl.org/postcards/pc2.html p. 244-246 Years: Throughout the 1800s Railroads were created as another form of transportation soon after the canal, and they immediately became successful. Goods could travel quicker on tracks then they could on boats. The government put a lot of money into funding for railroads. However, they immediately became a huge money maker. The government also started building the transcontinental railroad, which would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Goods could then travel all across the country.

8. 48: “King Cotton” This was basically the Southern economy. The South was able to produce cotton at an extremely cheap rate because they used slaves to pick it. They then sold this at a cheap price to Europe. The South relied a ton on cotton, and it was their entire economy as they moved closer and closer to the Civil War. http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/king-cotton/ p. 267-270 Years: mid to late 1800s

9. 49. Romanticism p. 288-291 • A literary movement in the United States that occurred in the 19th century and attempted to liberate the human spirit of individuals and celebrate the beauty of nature. People began to have interest in American paintings. In addition, there were many great, influential authors that expressed romanticism who came to rise during this time such as Walt Whitman and Edgar Allen Poe. http://web.tenafly.k12.nj.us/~aliu/romanticism.htm

10. 50. Transcendentalism p. 291-293 • An expression of the Romantic impulse that rose from a group of New England writers during the 1830s-1850s. They used a theory of the individual that rested between reason and understanding. Transcendentalists developed a new appreciation of nature and two key figures in this movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. http://revthom.blogspot.com/2009/07/lecture-5-transcendentalism-new-nation.html

11. 51. “Civil Disobedience” p. 292 • “Civil Disobedience,” or “passive resistance,” is a public refusal to obey unjust law. Henry David Thoreau mentioned this idea in his 1849 essay “Resistance to Civil Government” and he argued that when government required an individual to violate his or her morality, it had no legitimate authority. http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/henry+david+thoreau/civil+disobedience+28ebook29/6929218/

12. 52. William Lloyd Garrison p. 303 • William Lloyd Garrison was a key figure of the abolitionist movement and started writing his own anti-slavery newspaper in 1831 called the Liberator. He rejected the concept of gradualism and favored the idea of immediate abolition of slavery. Garrison founded the American Antislavery Society in 1832. http://www.biography.com/people/william-lloyd-garrison-9307251

13. 53. Rise of Feminism p. 301-302 • The first American feminist movement arose in the 1820s and 1830s. The Grimke sisters portrayed their belief that men and women were created equal. In 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY, Elizabeth Cady Stanton as well as many other women’s rights activists organized a convention to discuss the rights of women and put forth the “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions” which stated that “all men and women are created equal.” http://iamwoman-mxtodis123.blogspot.com/2010/04/grimke-sisters.html

14. 54. Abolitionism p. 303-308 • Abolitionism is another term for the emancipation of slavery and primarily took place in the mid 1800s (mainly 1830s). William Lloyd Garrison was a key contributor of the movement along with David Walker who urged slaves to kill their masters in his pamphlet, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. In addition, the American Antislavery Society was created in 1832. http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/connections/slavery/file.html

15. 55. Frederick Douglass p. 303-304 • Frederick Douglass is regarded as the greatest black abolitionist of all time and was one of the most electrifying speakers of his time. Douglass was a slave in Maryland and escaped for his freedom to Massachusetts in 1838. In 1847 he purchased his freedom and wrote an antislavery newspaper called the North Star. He also wrote his own autobiography called the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jan/07/american-experience-abolitionists/

16. 56. Underground Railroad p. 282 • The underground railroad was a system of secret escape routes runaway slaves could take in order to escape slavery and head North (used many times in the 1820s and 1830s). Although the odds against a successful escape were high, many slaves continued to flee. Harriet Tubman was know as the “conductor” of the underground railroad. http://zmblackhistorymonth2012.blogspot.com/2012/02/underground-railroad-escape-to-freedom.html

17. Harriet Beecher Stowe • Text Pages: 301, 307-308, 329 • Date: 1811-1896 • Description: Harriet Beecher Stowe was part of the first American feminist movement. She fought for anti-slavery and also women’s rights. While Seneca Falls did little to help women’s rights, it did help anti-slavery opinions. www.maine.gov -

18. Manifest Destiny • Text Pages: 311, 499 • Date: 1940’s • Description: Manifest Destiny was the idea that God wanted people to expand as far as the could. This led to the expanding further west, boom towns, and also controversy over whether to make states free or slave states. www.historyonthenet.com

19. Texan Revolution • Text Pages: 317, 321 • Date: 1845 • Description: The Texan Revolution was a war between Mexico and American colonists. The American Colonists won and Texas was made a state, however this led to the Mexican-American War. www.latinamericanstudies.org

20. The Mexican-American Revolution • Text Pages: 318-320 • Date: 1846-1848 • Description: The Mexican-American War was a war between the U.S. and Mexico fought over border disputes. After Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to instigate a fight in order to get the land extending to the Rio Grande River, a war started. The U.S. won and got all of the land in the Southwest U.S. from the Mexican Cession with the exception of the land from the Gadsden Purchase. This included land extending to the Pacific and California, which would help spread the idea of Manifest Destiny and lead to the California Gold Rush. www.nps.gov

21. California Gold Rush • Text Pages: 315, 322-323, 405-406, 409 • Date: 1949 • Description: The California Gold Rush was a rush in 1849 to find gold near present-day San Francisco. It was full of mostly all men and also attracted many Chinese to the west coast which would create tension in the future. en.wikipedia.org

22. The Compromise of 1850 • Text Pages: 323-325 • Date: 1850 • Description: The Compromise of 1850 was another compromise from Henry Clay and was made to solve issues over which states should be free and which states should have slavery. However, with the death of President Zachary Taylor, the compromise was not signed until months later after Stephen A. Douglas had already changed Clay’s rule of a “omnibus bill” that everything had to be agreed upon. This left problems in the compromise which would lead to the crisis of the 1850’s. www.pbs.org -

23. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Text Pages: 326-328 • Date: 1854 • Description: The Kansas-Nebraska Act was signed by Stephen Douglas and created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It also declared null and void the Missouri Compromise and allowed new states the decision of whether or not to allow slavery. This would lead to the “Bleeding Kansas” ordeal. www.pbs.org

24. Transcontinental Railroad • Text Pages: 326-327, 341, 406, 434 • Date: 1869 • Description: The transcontinental railroad crossed over the entire mainland United States. It helped westward expansion and the Cattle Kingdom, but it caused controversy before it was finished over where the middle should be located. The south wanted it to be Saint Louis, Memphis, or New Orleans and the north wanted Chicago. The solution was Promontory Point, Utah. www.tcrr.com -

25. Election of 1860 • In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president with a majority of electoral votes but only two-fifths of the popular vote. This election ultimately influenced the south to secede from the Union. • Pg. 335 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg

26. Confederacy • In 1861, the Confederacy seceded from the Union under President James Buchanan. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas made up the Confederate States of America. • Pg. 338 http://www.united-states-flag.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/f/l/flgdecl1000004685_-00_confederate-flag-decal.jpg

27. Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation stating that all slaves inside the Confederacy were forever free, however, it did not apply to slave states in the Union. It established the fact that the war was being fought for slavery not just the Union. • Pg. 344 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/EmancipationProclamation.jpg/220px-EmancipationProclamation.jpg

28. Robert E. Lee • In early 1862, Lee became Davis’ principal military advisor. He did not believe in slavery and opposed secession, but he could not cut ties with the south so he left the US army. He surrendered to Grant in 1865 in a house in Appomattox. • Pg. 351 http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/L/Robert-E-Lee-9377163-1-402.jpg

29. Ulysses S. Grant • In March of 1864, Lincoln appointed U.S. Grant as the leader for the Union forces. They shared the same belief in unremitting combat and killing enemy armies. His battle strategy won the war and he went on to become president in 1868. • Pg. 350 http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/G/Ulysses-S-Grant-9318285-1-402.jpg

30. “States’ Rights” Argument • In 1863, many white southerners resisted all efforts towards national authority, even those crucial to a victory in war. Some governors even led their troops separately from the Confederate troops. • Pg. 346 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Jefferson_Davis.jpg

31. Anaconda Plan • In 1861, General Winfield Scott created a plan to block off all ports and waterways accessible to the Confederate states. This plan was related to the suffocating of an anaconda’s victim. • Pg. 350 http://www.civilwaracademy.com/images/anaconda-plan.jpg

32. Battle of Antietam • Lee retreated behind Antietam creek , and on September 17, 1862, he fought General McClellan and the Union forces in a brutal battle. Lee should have lost, but McClellan allowed him to retreat into Virginia. • Pg. 361 http://historoda.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/battle_of_antietam.jpeg

33. The Battle of Vicksburg • The spring of 1863 • Vicksburg was well protected • Grant was driving at Vicksburg on the Mississippi River • Attacked from the rear and siege the town • Siege made Vicksburg surrender on July 4 • Hurt Southern moral • Pages 355, 361-363

34. The Battle of Gettysburg • July 4, 1863 • Hooker was replaced by Meade as the leader of the Northern Army • A turning point in the war • Lee lost 1/3rd of his army • South never able to seriously threaten the North again • Pages 359, 363-364

35. Sherman’s March to the Sea • 1865 • Sherman cut a swath of desolation from Georgia to North Carolina. • It’s goal was to destroy supplies, railroad communications, and the Southern will to fight (burned towns and plantations) • Pages 365-366

36. Appomattox Courthouse • April 9, 1865 • Where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant • Page 367

37. Radical Republicans • Leaders: Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner • They urged a much harsher course of action while dealing with the surrendering South. • Disenfranchising large numbers of white Southerners • Protecting black civil rights • Confiscating property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy and giving it to freed blacks • They passed the Wade-Davis bill, which called for Lincoln to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered state • Congress passed it • Lincoln used his veto on it • Pages 343, 372-274

38. 13th Amendment • 1865 • Abolished all slavery within U.S. • Slavery lasted for more than 200 years • Helped lead to increase in African American enlistment in Union • Increase in African American enlistment in Southern States captured by Union • Pages 344-345

39. 14th Amendment • Summer of 1866 • It offered the first constitutional definition of U.S. citizenship • Everyone born in the U.S, and everyone neutralized was a citizen and entitled toall the “privileges immunities” guaranteed by the constitution • It granted citizenship for African Americans • Page 377

40. 15 Amendment • 1870 • It forbade the states and the federal government to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” • It was one of the requirements for readmission into the Union • Page 378

41. Sharecropping • After the Civil War, June 1865 • When tenants would work on their own plots of land, and pay their land owners either a fixed rent or a share of their crops • Blacks enjoyed a physical independence of their landlords. • It freed landowners of the cost of buying slaves, and the responsibility for the physical well-being of their workers • Page 382

42. Ku Klux Klan • Formed in 1872 as a fraternity for whites • They used terrorism to frighten blacks from voting • They decreased the number of republican votes in the South and increased the democratic vote by the use of intimidation • It led to the Enforcement Acts (the Ku Klux Klan Acts) prohibited states from discriminating against voters; which led to federal troops protecting voters and discouraged the KKK. • Page 388