Science and University Education Development in Russia

1. Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science Far Eastern National University Science and University Education Development in Russia Boris L. Reznik, Dr.Sc., Professor First Vice President Vice President, Research Far Eastern National University Prepared for the 2nd APRU Senior Staff Meeting, March 21-23, 2005, the University of Auckland

2. First Building of the Russian Academy of Sciences On 13 (24) January 1724, Peter the Great signed the decree on the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences. On the basis of the Academy a university and a gymnasium were formed. Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia

3. Daniel Bernoulli Nicolaus Bernoulli GeorgKrafft Leonhard Euler Joseph-Nicolas Delisle First Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences

4. “Science turned out a direct productive force and scientists became a new social class producing a real product” Karl Marx

5. At present, countries build strong economies and achieve an industrial growth basing on science. • In developed countries, 80% of gross domestic product is ensured by the progress in knowledge-intensive technologies.

6. Global Tendencies of Education and Science Integration • Universities are becoming the major resource for fundamental research. • The quality of education is determined by the quality of research. • High research culture is a necessary feature of the best universities. • There is a direct relationship between the development of fundamental science and well-being of the society. • The support of universities increases when science prospers and science prospers when universities flourish.

7. Russian Higher Educational Institutions and Research • Only 38% of Russian higher educational institutions have funding for research • Only 20% of faculty members are involved in research • Only 3.6% of researchers work in universities Research Budgets of Higher Education: Institutions vs Enterprizes (%)

8. Russian Federal Funding for University Research (%)

9. Ways of Higher School Development in the World and in Russia The USA and other developed countries faced more active development of elite research universities which eventually became leading research and educational complexes. In Russia after the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 many new universities have been opened. This affected the quality of education. Many of the new universities are engaged only in teaching activities, not in research.

10. Number of educational programs Number of monographs (per 100 faculty members holding science degrees or ranks) Per cent of regular faculty members Amount of external research per one faculty member Per cent of faculty members holding science degrees or ranks 3,0 Per cent of Doctors of Sciences and Professors among faculty members 61,7 Number of postgraduate specialties 5,0 6,2 Number of postgraduate students per 100 students Number of fields in which research is conducted 81,7 Amount of fundamental and applied research per one faculty member 82,0 Amount of research per one faculty member Accreditation Characteristics of Far Eastern National University (according to the standard requirements of the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science)

11. FENU RESEARCH & EDUCATIONAL CENTER FENU REC REC Research Programs REC Library REC Educational Programs REC Facilities REC External Linkages REC Computer Class Young Specialists Support http://marbio-www.dvgu.ru/

12. FENU Interregional Research in Social Sciences « RUSSIA AND THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION: COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY,CONFLICTS AND COOPERATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY» Vladivostok Institute of International Relations of the Asia Pacific Region Institute of Management and Business Institute of Oriental Studies Institute of Law

13. Institute of Automation and Control Processes Institute of Applied Mathematics Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Geological Institute Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences Institute of Chemistry Pacific Oceanological Institute Joint Educational and Research Project of FENU& the Russian Academy of Sciences, Financed by the “Integration” Program of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, 2002-2005 Far Eastern National University

14. FEB RAS FENU Far Eastern National University Divisions Established jointly with the Russian Academy of Sciences School of Physics and Engineering 1997г. Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science 1999 г. Computer Center with a supercomputer cluster 1999 г. Institute of Environment 1999 г. Academy of Ecology, Marine Biology and Biotechnology 1999 г. Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology 1996г. Institute of Russian Language and Literature 2001г.

15. FENU MajorResearchAreas Mathematical and Physical Sciences • Mathematical Analysis (Function Theory) • Theory and applications of programming optimization. Methods of optimization. • Mathematical modeling, methods of computing and applied mathematics and their use in fundamental research in different fields of knowledge. • Picture processing and image discernment. • Information processes in systems and nets. • Theoretical and experimental physics of elementary particles and atomic nucleus. • Physic and chemical nature of processes in Earth interior. • Development of condensed condition theory. Physics of magnetic phenomena, magnetic materials and structures. • Solid nanostuctures, overlattices, quantum systems with reduced dimension. Chemical Sciences • Organic synthesis. Identification of physiologically active compounds fit for practical purposes. • Synthesis and research of elementorganic polymers and complex compounds. Research of sorption processes on Far Eastern carbon sorbents and zeolites. • Chemistry of Environment, including atmosphere and ocean. • Chemical antiperistasis of metals, rust protection, chemical source of electric energy.

16. FENU MajorResearchAreas Earth Sciences • Research and monitoring of natural environment condition, Russian seas and world ocean resources, and change forecast. • Research of contemporary climate changes and atmosphere process peculiarities above the Far East and Asia Pacific Region. • Land hydrology, water resources, chemical hydrology. • Physical geography, geophysics, geochemistry of landscapes. • Deep structure of continents and oceans, geodynamics, and stressed state of Earth’s interior Biological Sciences • Genesis and structure if soil covering, biosphere functions of soil. • Ichthyology. Ascertainment of taxonomical condition and relationship of animals (fish) of gamete structure research. • Biochemistry. Research of polar lipids of marine organisms. • Development biology, cytology and histology. • Ecology of invertebrates, evolutional morphology, faunistics and systematics of extra-corporal nematodes. • Ecology, biotesting, bioindication and biomonitoring of environment.

17. FENU MajorResearchAreas HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES • Individual as the subject of social alterations: psychologistics problems • Criminal law and criminology. • Civil law, family law, civil procedure, and private international law. • Criminal action, criminalistics, and operational retrieval activity. • Theory and practice of labor law. • Economics and national economic control. • Finance, currency circulation, and credit. • International economics and international economic relations. • Accountancy and audit. International standards of financial accounting. • Information systems in economics. • Russian historiography. • Archeology of the Far East. • History of Asian countries. • Civilizational processes on the Far East in XVII-early XX centuries. World history. • Languages of Asian, Aborigine and American Indian nations. • Literature of Asian nations. • Cultural and language contacts. • Russian literature of XX century. Poetics and genre structure. • Theory and methodology of literary studies and linguistics. • Russian history, contemporary state, sociological aspects. • Languages of world nations. • Political relations in Russian society: power, democracy, and the individual. • Law reform in Russia. • Problems of general conscious development. • Problems of transforming the economic relations, patterns of ownership and achievement of the new social types of economy.

18. ДВО РАН ДВГУ Joint Decision of the FENU Academic Council and the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (November 4, 2004) • Establishment of research and educational centers in the fields of materials science, economics and Korean Studies; Department of Earth Science; joint Department of Foreign Policy and International Relations in East Asia; • Establishment of the School of Geology in FENU; • Organization of training specialists in Natural Sciences for scientific institutions and knowledge-intensive industries located in the Far Eastern Federal Region.

19. 2000 Carnegie Corporation ClassificationFederal Expenses for Science in U.S. Colleges and Universities

20. Contemporary Research University Infrastructure • Scientific and organizational constituent; • Political and organizational constituent; • Material and technical constituent; • Innovation constituent.

21. Contemporary Research University Infrastructure Scientific and organizational constituent • Students are getting involved in the research process since their first year of study. • Leading scientists of academic institutes (national laboratories) are involved in the teaching process.

22. Contemporary Research University Infrastructure Political and organizational constituent • Building public relations. • Financing research universities. • Developing relations with foundations, governmental and private institutions, and national laboratories

23. Contemporary Research University Infrastructure Material and technical constituent • Establishment of supranational scientific cooperation within the framework of “the distributed research university” with the unique research equipment used and unique research programs implemented. • Training highly qualified scientists. • Cooperation between several universities, national laboratories and industrial enterprises for the purpose of combining technical facilities and joint use of the equipment.

24. International Scientific Centers for Atomic Nucleus and Elementary Particles Research SEBAF CERN Dubna DESY Spring-8

25. FAR EASTERN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY & RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JOINT PROJECT 2001-2006:CENTER OF SHARED SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES LC HP 1100/ MSD Bruker NMR-Spectrometer Flash AE 1112 CHN-Analyzer IR-, Uv- and Vis- Spectrophotometers X-RAY SMART System HP 6890/MSD Spectrometer

26. Contemporary Research University Infrastructure Innovation constituent • Interrelations with industrial enterprises for the purpose of the efficient implementation of research projects. • Research’s aim to promote the welfare of the community and mankind as a whole.

27. International Experience in Fundamental and Applied Research Development Russia: • Long term postwar concentration of financial, human and administrative resources on a few priority research fields funded by the USSR government. • Achievements: in space technologies, high-technology armaments, nuclear power, etc. • Drawbacks: in biological, computer and medical research.

28. International Experience in Fundamental and Applied Research Development The USA: • Postwar drift of federal funded laboratories to research universities. • Competitive project funding for research. • Establishing large scale national scientific centers.

29. U.S. President's Executive Order of December 29, 2000 on Principles of Relations between the Federal Government and American Research Universities • Research is an investment in the future of the country. • The linkage between research and education is vital. • Research must be conducted with integrity. • Agency cost sharing policies and practices must be transparent. • The U.S. Office of Science and Technology annual reports on the support of research universities should be submitted to the U.S. President personally.

30. International Experience in Fundamental and Applied Research Development Japan: • Intensive applied research in laboratories of large corporations. • Implementing knowledge-intensive technologies based on global science achievements. • Establishing large scale national centers of fundamental research during the last decades. • Increasingly important role of universities in fundamental research.

31. International Experience in Fundamental and Applied Research Development China: “Project 211” The project supports 100 top universities out of 612 higher educational institutions of China. Investments in these 100 universities (out of all university research funding) incorporate: • 72% for research; • 54% for purchasing equipment; • 31% for library stocks. The students learning at these universities include: • 84% of all Doctoral Students; • 69%of all Masters Students.

32. University GlobalCommunity’s Concerns changesin economical and political environment losing stability increasing consumer demand for the quality of research, technological projects and educational services reducing federal funding

33. Research University is a Modern Answer to the Need for Integration between Education and Science A research university is a large economic subject characterized by: • developed innovation infrastructure; • advanced training of highly qualified specialists; • wide international relations; • intensive fundamental research; • numerous sources of funding.

34. Present Role of Higher Education • Building a society based on knowledge is the way chosen by all developed countries. Knowledge is created by the educated people. • Education in a postindustrial society becomes the key supplier of a new productive force – the class of researchers. The leader of the modern educational system is the research university providing a high-quality education by means of interaction between education and research.

35. Priorities of Russian Higher Education Development • Developing more effective financial policies • Integrating of research and education • Administrative and legal reforms • Attracting young talented people to research and teaching • Promoting of research commercialization

36. Thank You for Your Attention FAR EASTERN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY www.fenu.ru