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Biological Classification

Biological Classification. Chapter 18. Objective: K3 - Define taxonomy, recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community, & use a dichotomous key to classify an organism. Finding Order in Diversity.

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Biological Classification

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  1. Biological Classification Chapter 18 Objective: K3 - Define taxonomy, recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community, & use a dichotomous key to classify an organism

  2. Finding Order in Diversity • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. Tacitusbellus • Taxonomy - the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics • Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. • Classification systems change with expanding knowledge. Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen

  3. Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish botanist • Developed Binomial Nomenclature - (Two-word naming system) • Genus • Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized • Species • Descriptive, Lower Case,Underlined or Italicized • Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name • Exp. Ursus arctos Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778) Scientist who laid foundation for modern taxonomy

  4. System of Classification • Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels (from largest to smallest) Grizzly Bear (common name) • KingdomAnimalia • PhylumChordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Family Ursidae • Genus Ursus • Speciesarctos Each of the levels is called a TAXON More specific Ursus arctos (scientific name)

  5. System of Classification • Taxonomic categories pneumonic device • Kingdom King • Phylum Philip • Class Came • Order Over • Family For • Genus Good • Species Soup

  6. Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms • Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. • After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5 3. a) Leaflets attached at one central point? Buckeye b) Leaflets attached at several points? Go to 7

  7. Kingdoms and Domains • Domain • Most inclusive category • Larger than a kingdom • There are 3 • Eukarya – includes the kingdoms • Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals • Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria • Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

  8. Kingdom Fungi • Cell Type: Eukaryotic – most Multicellular / some Unicellular (yeast) • Structure: all have cell walls made of chitin • Obtain nutrients: Heterotrophs (by absorption) – external digestion; breaks down dead or decaying matter • Examples: Mushrooms, Mold, Yeast

  9. The Kingdom Eubacteria • Common name: Bacteria • Cell Type: Prokaryotic - Unicellular • Structure: All have cell wall with Peptidogylcan • Obtain nutrients: autotroph or heterotroph • Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla • Reproduce by binary fission • Examples: E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus, lactobacillus Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years)

  10. The Kingdom Archaebacteria • Cell Type: Prokaryotic - Unicellular • Structure: All contin cell wall without peptidogylcan • Obtain nutrients: autotroph or heterotroph • Examples: • Methanogens—poisoned by O2 • Thermaphiles—live in extreme temperatures • Halophiles—live in high saline

  11. The Kingdom Protista • A classification problem • Cell Type: Eukaryotic –Unicellular or Multicellular • Structure: Some have cell walls, some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia • Obtain nutrients: Autotrophic (plant-like) and heterotrophic (animal-like) • Examples: Amoeba, paramecium, diatom, euglena Entamoeba histolytica

  12. The Kingdom Plantae • Cell Type: Eukaryotic – Multicellular • Structure: cell wall with cellulose • Obtain nutrients: Autotrophs (by the process of photosynthesis which makes glucose) • Examples: Flowers, trees, grass Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

  13. Kingdom Animalia • Cell Type: Eukaryotic – Multicellular • Structure: no cell walls • Obtain nutrients: Heterotrophic (by ingestion – must eat) • Examples: Sponges, reptiles, mammals Colony of sponges Txodes scapularis Deer tick

  14. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  15. Six Kingdoms

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