GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION TO AID IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THIS COMPLEX & EXTENSIVE PROCESS

1. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENTINFORMATION TO AID IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THIS COMPLEX & EXTENSIVE PROCESS CAST SPORT SCIENCE GROUP

2. Overview • Initial concepts / thought provocation • Factors affecting athlete performance • Stages of athlete development • Effects of growth and development on the athlete • Growth and development and training

3. Sport Today “We have come to distrust time, especially in the cities. Parents have come to associate time on one’s hands with drugs in one’s pockets. They feel a certain security in ‘busy-ness’ in treating play like work or school - highly organized, structured, filled with penalties and rewards” For those who fear time, an arena, a swimming pool or a gymnasium take on the aura of a sanctuary ” (Ken Dryden, Home Game, 1989)

4. Global Athletic Performance Optimal Under- Performance Competition Sequencing PSYCHOLOGY HEALTH LIFESTYLE PHYSIOLOGY BIOMECHANICS TACTICS SEQUENCE OF TRAINING ( Macro, Meso, Micro ) Overtrained / Under - rested Optimal / Under - performance Overtrained / Under - rested Optimal / Illness Optimal / Poor (Smith & Norris, 2000)

5. Division of Sports Power Technical Endurance (size + speed) P P + T T T + E E Football Volleyball Gymn. Swimming Distance Throwing Hockey Tennis X-C Skiing Running AGE ( International Success ) 34 - 28 22 - 27 15 - 22 22 - 27 >28 (Smith, 2000)

6. Athlete Development Train to Winvs. Train to Competevs.Train to Trainvs.FUNdamental Long-term Sport Mastery vs. Maximal Realization of Performance Capacity vs. Fundamental Preparation (Viru, 1995) (AIM: Balyi et al., (ATP), 1999)

7. Long-Term Athlete Development Chronological age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 + Training age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 + FUNdamental Training to Train Training to Compete Training to Win 6-7 10-11 10-11 14-15 14-15 18-19 17-18 9-10 13-14 13-14 17-18 16-17 21-22 20-21 (Balyi, 1997)

8. STAGES* (Balyi terminology) PARTICIPATION FOCUS OF COACHING & SUPPORT RESOURCES ALLOCATION & LEVEL True elite stream INTERNATIONAL Mastery & Stabilization Competitive stream NATL/PROVINCIAL Training to Win Competitive Stream LOCAL/ REGIONAL Training to Compete Disproportionate resource & service allocation FUN & systematic development program. Training to Train FUN, learn to skate, confidence, core skills introduction to training etc. FUNdamentals (Norris, 2003)

9. Summary Questions to Consider: • What is the typical career path and step-by-step expectations of athletes in your sport? • What is the LT Development model in your sport? • Does your plan cooperate or compete with biological process of maturation? • What is your sport’s ‘end product’?

10. HUMAN GROWTH&DEVELOPMENT Pic: Loveland, Colorado

11. MATURATIONDevelopmentalvs.Maturingvs.Established

12. Periods of ‘great’ change/plasticity Physical, cognitive, emotional, and motivational dev. follow DIFFERENT TIMELINES START Acceleration in Growth Rate/Peak Growth Rate END Adult Stature Attained Stages of Growth and Development CHILDHOOD Early (1-5 yrs) Middle (6 yrs-Adolescence) Late (Grey Area) ADOLESCENCE Early (12-14 yrs) Middle (15-16 yrs) Late (17-19 yrs) EARLY ADULTHOOD (Armstrong & Welsman, 1977)

13. STANDING SEATED Adolescent Growth Spurt PEAK HEIGHT VELOCITY (PHV) • Age of maximal growth in stature • Maturity indicator • Boys PHV = 14 +/- 1 yr • Girls PHV = 12 +/- 1 yr • Thoracic growth delayed • Consider measuring arm span

14. Typical Physical Measurements (Males) NB: These are 50th percentile data (National Center for Health Statistics, USA; Rowland, 1996)

15. WEIGHT ∆ IN AMERICAN GIRLS AND BOYS 80 kg boys 60 WEIGHT girls 40 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 AGE ( years ) ( Hamill et al. 1977)

16. Relative Age Effect (RAE) • Extremely powerful entity in sport • Positive and negative (Hockey vs. Gymnastics) • 65-72 % of NHL players born in first third of calendar year • Interplay of factors: • Physical • Cognitive • Emotional • Motivational (Musch & Grondin, 2000)

17. Balance of brain growth vs. atrophy shifts at age 10 Use it or lose it!! NEURAL MATURATION 100 80 60 40 20 0 Neural Size attained as % of postnatal growth 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) (Adapted from Scammon, 1930)

18. HORMONAL MATURATION 100 80 60 40 20 0 Considerations for development of muscle mass/strength Size attained as % of postnatal growth Hormonal 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) (Adapted from Scammon, 1930)

19. GENERAL MATURATION 100 80 60 40 20 0 Size attained as % of postnatal growth General 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) (Adapted from Scammon, 1930)

20. Different patterns of system growth during childhood MATURATION 100 80 60 40 20 0 Neural Size attained as % of postnatal growth General Hormonal 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) (Adapted from Scammon, 1930)

21. TRAININGDevelopmentalvs. Fledglingvs. Established

22. The 8 S’s Affecting Performance • SKILL • SPEED • STAMINA • STRENGTH • SUPPLENESS • ‘SYCH (Psychology) • STRUCTURE (Anthropometrics) • SUSTENANCE (Nutrition & Regeneration) After Balyi, Smith, & Norris….

23. Skill Acquisition Middle to Late Childhood: • Coupled with attention span • Girls: 8 - 12 yrs • Boys: 8 – 13 yrs • Until age 10 acquired skills unstable • Age 10 -12 yrs: accelerated ability for skill acquisition

24. Skill Acquisition Late Childhood to Early Adolescence: • 11 - 14 yr olds achieve particularly high levels of motor coordination • Remember: Disruption will occur due to puberty and associated factors!

25. Physiological Development • Note LOW RATE of development of anaerobic capacity • Content of phosphocreatine as well as the capacity for anaerobic metabolism is low in 7 - 12 yr olds • At age 15 - 17 yrs, the above have improved, BUTremain lower than in adults….means that effective training of anaerobic capacity is limited

26. Stabilizes in adulthood INFLUENCE OF MATURATION ON STRENGTH Contributions to muscle strength during maturation 100% Adult potential Lean body mass Testosterone Neural myelination development Birth Puberty Adult Strength primarily via motor patterns Consolidation of strength factors Optimal strength potential (Kraemer, 1989)

27. Strength Development Before Puberty: • Possibilities for hypertrophy are low • Improvements in strength are mainly due to neural adaptation Post – Puberty: • Increased development of muscle tissue • Accelerated with appropriate training • Be careful of increasing volume of weight training (progressive overload)

28. INFLUENCE OF MATURATION ON STRENGTH Static strength – arm pull (boys) Time frame for being chosen on competitive team- neglects 2/3 of population! Strength (sec) Early Average Late 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 yrs AGE ( years ) (Malina & Bouchard, 1991)

29. Key Points for Training • >80% of age-group champions ‘disappear’ from sport horizon before the optimal age of top achievement • Early maturation = early cessation of growth & development! • Never neglect ‘speed’ & progression to fast execution of skill Harre, 1971; Vlastovsky, 1976; Timakova, 1985; Bulgakova, 1986 Vorontsov, 2002

30. Key Points for Training Develop a strong foundation of: • Specific basic sport skills; (Girls, 8-11; Boys, 9-12) • Agility, balance, coordination, speed (ABCs of Athleticism) • Running, throwing, jumping (ABCs of Athletics) • Kinesthesia, gliding, bouyancy, striking with implements (KGBs) • Catching, kicking with body parts (CKs) Harre, 1971; Vlastovsky, 1976; Timakova, 1985; Bulgakova, 1986 Vorontsov, 2002

31. Critical Periods Aerobic Endurance: Girls = 12-14 year Boys = 12-16 year Strength Possibilities: Boys = 16-18 Girls = 14-16 (Balyi, 2002; Norris, 2002; Vorontsov, 2002)

32. TRAINING PROGRESSION Technique Technique + Endurance + Circuit Tr. Technique + Power + Str. Tr. + End. Tr. AGE 8 13 16/18 Incorporate technical & physical parameters with sport performance for evaluation, up to at least 16 / 17 yrs old.

33. A Note About Physiological Testing! ENTRY & EXIT TESTING POINTS MONITORING …EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR PROGRAM SINGLE TESTS …OF LIMITED USE! * Testing Training / Intervention Testing Rec/Reg Time * Entry Exit… & next Entry

34. Generic Content Distribution (Balyi, 1997)

35. (Balyi, 1997)

36. Long Term Development for Strength 14 20+ 18 AGE: 12 16 Foundational athletic skills (Core strength, balance, agility, coordination, flexibility, general strength) Advanced strength training methods Mastery of lifting technique Basic strength training methods Use all types of strength exercise Develop lifting technique Emphasize strength exercises with dbells Introduce heavy implement exercise Teach lifting technique Emphasize foundational athletic skills Introduce strength exercises w/ light implements (Jordan, 2003)

37. Long Term Development for Strength 14 20+ 18 AGE: 12 16 Circuit training High repetitions Timed sets Barbell lifting technique with broom stick and light barbell Keep intensity above 10 RM Barbell lifting technique with light to moderate loads Keep intensity above 6RM Bodyweight in-place explosive training exercises Execution of advanced lifting technique (Olympic Lifts) Advanced lifting strategies Weighted explosive training (Jordan, 2003)

38. Final Quote: At the end of adolescence (18 – 19 yrs)… “Increasing experience and deliberate practice, coupled with previous exposure to as broad an array of stimuli as possible and the completion of the framework for an adult stature, forms the basis for future excellence in performance.” (Nash, 1997)

39. Summary • Involve the young athlete in a variety of sports and activities • Do NOT‘hurry up’the developmental process • Do NOTover - specialize too early • Long-term objectives? • ‘Drawing the line in the sand’? • What is the ‘goal’ for the ‘end product’? • Life skills?