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Environmental Criminology

Environmental Criminology . By: Jordan Horowitz. CPTED and Geographic Profiling . If listening, and I do my job properly, you should come out of this presentation with answers to the following questions:.

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Environmental Criminology

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  1. Environmental Criminology By: Jordan Horowitz CPTED and Geographic Profiling

  2. If listening, and I do my job properly, you should come out of this presentation with answers to the following questions:

  3. What specific crime prevention measures can be utilized through the use of environmental design? • What are some criticisms of crime prevention through environmental design? • What are some applications of psychological knowledge to police investigations?

  4. Table of Contents • CPTED • Examples • Video • Geographic Profiling • Video on Theresa Allore • Case Studies • Questions

  5. What have you learned so far?

  6. Which CPTED principles would you add to the following: Numbers: 1, 2 = Parking lot/garage 3, 4 = Apartment building 5, 6 = Private House 7, 8 = Walkway/Pathway

  7. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED)Literature Review for the CMHC

  8. What is CPTED? Definitions: • Looks at the relationship between social behaviour and the immediate environment • Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to reduced opportunities and fear of crime • Directly or Indirectly • If implemented properly studies have shown reduce crime, fear of crime, increased social interaction and cohesion • HOWEVER………

  9. CPTED Continued… • Relationship between immediate physical environment and crime – disregarding social context • “some type of architectural designs are more likely than others to precipitate certain types of behaviour and result in a greater incidence of crime” (4) • Jane Jacobs – modern architecture breaks down community cohesiveness • Oscar Newman – relationship between building height and crime

  10. CPTED Continued • The use of environmental criminologists and social psychologists • Deviant behaviour can be “produced” • Zimbardo’s car study • Opportunistic behaviour - “Ordinary” people turning to crime • Routine-Activity Theory • Rational Choice Theory

  11. http://goanimate.com/movie/0HyjEJCnvsAE?utm_source=linkshare&uid=0hgzXdwskwEUhttp://goanimate.com/movie/0HyjEJCnvsAE?utm_source=linkshare&uid=0hgzXdwskwEU

  12. Cues and the Broken Windows Theory • Environmental Cues (releaser cues) • Broken Windows Theory • NY City as a case study

  13. CPTED Continued… • Brantingham and Brantingham’s target selection process • Environment emits cues • Offender uses cues as targets • Cues are accepted or rejected • Success is self-reinforcing

  14. Objectives of CPTED 1) INREASE EFFORT 2) INREASE RISK 3) REDUCE REWARDS 4) REMOVE EXCUSES

  15. CPTED Components • Defensible Space • Surveillance • Target Hardening • Neighbourhood Design • Tactical Support Functions

  16. Defensible Space • Newman • “Physical environment can be designed to release the latent sense of territoriality and community among inhabitants so as to allow these traits to be translated into their assumption of responsibility for preserving a safe and well maintained living environment” (11) • Territoriality 1) Providing a clear definition of controlled space 2) Provide clearly marked transitional zones 3) Design space to maximize natural surveillance

  17. Surveillance • The psychological and the real • Assumptions underlying surveillance • Residents more likely to notice intruders • Potential offenders will be deterred from these sites due to high visibility • HUGE ASSUMPTION : • Not only will people be more likely to notice intruders, BUT, they will be more willing to intervene or report crime when it occurs (Kitty Genovese)

  18. Target Hardening • Restricting access through physical barriers • Reduce victimization entirely or at least reduce amount of loss • Human Element • Property Identification

  19. Neighbourhood Design • Open public spaces • Pathways • Housing and immediate surrounding areas • Car parking areas • Landscape design • Exterior lighting • Access and exit control

  20. Tactical Support Functions • CPTED works when there is: • Management participation • Resident participation • Multi-organizational approach • Planning models • Codification (to a degree)

  21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcfG7zUB4mg

  22. Which CPTED principles would you add to the following: Numbers: 1, 2 = Parking lot/garage 3, 4 = Apartment building 5, 6 = Private House 7, 8 = Walkway/Pathway

  23. Criticisms • Falls short of fundamental measures to address causes of crime • “Reducing criminal opportunities through environmental design amounts to nothing more than tinkering” (33) • Many studies shown small to moderate effects • Environmental determinism • Defensible Vs. Defended Space (clip) • Not many medium-long term longitudinal evaluations • Unique environment of each community argues against the adoption of uniform, national CPTED building standards • How about Canada?

  24. Geographic Profiling • GIS (Geographic information system) • Allows for quick comprehension of local crime patterns and trends • Detect crime “hot spots” • Used to help detect serial killers, rapists, arsonists, etc. (usually crimes that have similar M.O., usually in the same area, and usually more than 1 incident involved)

  25. Geographic Profiling • Tactical crime analysis VS. • Strategic Analysis • Use spatial mean, and standard distance to establish future criminal locales • Ex: • Artificial neural networks • The Arson Risk Prediction Index (ARPI) • U.S Forest Service

  26. Geographic Profiling Continued… • Offenders usually put thought into their crimes • Buffer zone from their home • Connection between crime locations and area of offender residence • Offender residence prediction • JOURNEY-TO-CRIME Venn Diagram

  27. Criminal Geographic Targeting • Computerized geographic profiling system • Jeopardy Surface • Geoprofile

  28. Crime Factors and Environmental Elements Considered: • Crime Locations • Offender Type • Hunting Style • Arterial Roads and Highways • Bus/transit Stops • Physical and Psychological Boundaries • Neighbourhood Demographics

  29. Geographic Profiling Continued • Suspect prioritization • Sex offender registries • Government and business databases • Motor vehicle registration • Patrol saturation and stakeouts • Mail outs • Neighbourhood Canvasses • News Media • Bloodings • Peak-of-Tension polygraphs • Missing Bodies • Trial Court Expert Evidence

  30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/02/washinton_shootings/sniper_shootings/html/img2.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/americas/02/washinton_shootings/sniper_shootings/html/img2.stm • http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/10/09/ctv.geoprofiling/ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbt9zyUdpzQ&feature=g-hist

  31. Discussion Questions • Do you think that CPTED is a viable option for crime control? Or do you think other crime prevention strategies such as crime prevention through social development are more appropriate? Does it have to be one or the other? • What criticisms do you see in CPTED that I have not mentioned? • When would geographic profiling be most likely to succeed? When would it be most likely to fail? What can be done about this?

  32. QUESTIONS????

  33. THANKS FOR LISTENING

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