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PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. DEFINITION. study of changes that occur as people/animals change & mature through interaction of nature & nurture continuity view –gradual development discontinuity view –succession of changes in STAGES. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES & CRITICAL PERIOD.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

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  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

  2. DEFINITION • study of changes that occur as people/animals change & mature through interaction of nature & nurture • continuity view –gradual development • discontinuity view–succession of changes in STAGES

  3. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES & CRITICAL PERIOD • Developmental States: period of life initiated by distinct transitions (changes) in physical/psychological functioning • Critical period: when an individual is most receptive to certain changes • Ex: toilet training, crawling, walking, talking, reading

  4. MATURATION • Definition: unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth influenced by nature & nurture • Process of learning to cope & react in an appropriate way • Does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth  a situation a person deals with helps prepare them for the next

  5. ORDER OF PRENATAL GROWTH • 1.) conception 2 weeks = ZYGOTE (fertilized egg) • 2.) cell division  attach to uterine wall (outer cells placenta, inner cellsEMBRYO) • 3.) Nine weeks = fetus • 4.) Placenta nourishes fetus & blocks TERATOGENS: substance capable of interfering with fetal development • 5.) 250,000 neurons form each minute!

  6. Prenatal Video

  7. NEONATAL PERIOD (NEWBORN) • limited instincts/involuntary sensory behaviors • grasping reflex – respond to touch • rooting/sucking reflex – respond to touch near mouth & cheek • postural reflex – sit with support

  8. INFANCY PERIOD • rapid, genetically programmed growth • perceptual skills develop tremendously • language acquisition – social interaction & hearing prepare infants to learn languages

  9. LANGUAGE AND INFANCY • inborn pattern of steps to understand vocab. & grammar (Chomsky – Broca’s area of brain is programmed) • BABBLING– sequence of sounds; ALL sounds same! • ONE-WORD STAGE– overextensionis common (“doggie” refers to all animals) • 18 mo. – learning accelerates – asking questions to learn new vocabulary: naming explosion • TWO-WORD STAGE– range of meaning extends greatly & categories are common

  10. MORE LANGUAGE • TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH– short, simple sequences of nouns & verbs • SYNTAX–sentence structure • SEMANTICS– meaning of words (i.e. add “ed” for past tense, “s” for plural, “ing” for action, etc)

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