1 / 47

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis. How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?. What are Proteins?. Made of small units called amino acids- building blocks of proteins. Organic compounds contain C, H, O, N. What are Proteins continued?.

lida
Download Presentation

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression?

  2. What are Proteins? • Made of small units called amino acids- • building blocks of proteins Organic compounds contain C, H, O, N

  3. What are Proteins continued? • Proteins are made at the ribosomes • Ribosomes read the DNA message on the mRNA and join amino acids to make proteins • Your body can make 12 of the 20 amino acids, but the other 8 essential amino acids must come from your diet • Name food items that are good source of these essential amino acids? (Hint: must come from protein source).

  4. Functions of Proteins • Structural component of body: skin, hair, muscles, bone Enzymes-catalyst proteins used to control the rate of chemical reactions (lower amount of energy needed to start a reaction) Marcia S. Brose, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit4_1_muscle_functions.html

  5. Functions of Proteins continued • Some proteins are hormones and carry chemical messages; for example insulin, regulates blood sugar • Transport substances such as hemoglobin in RBC that • carries O2 http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20seven • Protect body against disease; antibodies of immune system

  6. SO…how does a cell make proteins anyway? And what does this have to do with DNA and RNA?

  7. Contains deoxyribose sugar Is double stranded Bonds A-T and C-G Never leaves the nucleus Contains ribose sugar Is single stranded Bonds A-U and C-G Can leave the nucleus Let’s Review… DNA vs. RNA

  8. mRNA Amino acid tRNA towing Protein factory Remember there are three types of RNA • mRNA: messengerRNA; carries DNA message to ribosomes • tRNA: transfer RNA; transfers amino acids to ribosomes • rRNA: ribosomalRNA; makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

  9. A G A T T C G A G C A C T C A T Role of RNA • While DNA contains the instructions for making proteins in the form of genes… • RNA is the molecule that actually does all the work of putting the protein together

  10. Overall Process of Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Transcription Translation mRNA DNA • Transcription • Information in DNA is “transcribed” (rewritten) as a molecule of mRNA Protein • Translation • DNA information on mRNA is “translated” into protein language

  11. Enzymes • There are two different enzymes necessary in making a protein. • What organic compound group do enzymes belong to? • Helicase – breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases • Polymerase – brings new nucleotides and bonds them to existing strands

  12. TRANSCRIPTION- First Process of Protein Synthesis • Occurs in the nucleus • Uses RNA Polymerase • Makes mRNA from DNA template • 60 nucleotides are copied per second • Initiator (start) Codon: AUG

  13. T A A T G C C G A T G C TRANSCRIPTION Steps • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases

  14. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  15. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  16. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  17. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  18. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  19. TRANSCRIPTION T A • Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A T G C C G A T G C

  20. TRANSCRIPTION T A 2. The DNA strands break apart A T G C C G A T G C

  21. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A G C A G

  22. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A G C A G

  23. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A G C A G

  24. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A G C A G

  25. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A G C A G

  26. A T C G T C TRANSCRIPTION T A 3. RNA Polymerase brings in mRNA nucleotides and matches them with their DNA complement. G C A G

  27. A T C G T G G C T A G C A

  28. A T C G A A T G C T A G C G

  29. A T C C C G A T G C T A G A G

  30. T A A T G G C C G A T G C C A G

  31. T A A A T G C C G A T G C G C A G

  32. U T A A T G C C G A T G C A G C A G

  33. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C mRNA DNA

  34. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C 4.mRNA breaks away from the DNA strand and goes to the ribosome

  35. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C

  36. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C

  37. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C

  38. U T A A A T G G C C C G A A T G G C To Ribosome

  39. T A A T G C C G A T G C 5.The DNA strand is put back together

  40. T A A T G C C G A T G C

  41. T A A T G C C G A T G C

  42. T A A T G C C G A T G C

  43. T A A T G C C G A T G C

  44. T A A T G C C G A T G C

  45. T T A A A A T T G G C C C C G G A A T T G G C C

  46. T A A T Amino Acid G C U G C A A T G G C C U A U A G SUMMARY Transcription Translation Protein DNA mRNA tRNA

  47. Some additional notes about making mRNA… • DNA contains many non-coding regions, also known as “junk DNA” • RNA is not made from the junk DNA • Only 1 of the 2 DNA strands is used to make the mRNA; this strand is called the DNA template • DNA code on the mRNA is read three bases at once, and these three letter base combinations on the mRNA are called codons • Codons determine your genetic code and the traits expressed from protein synthesis

More Related