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Hydropedology (Stratigraphy & Geomorphology) of Salinity and Evaporites

Hydropedology (Stratigraphy & Geomorphology) of Salinity and Evaporites. RATIONALE DISSOLUTION, TRANSPORT, AND ACCUMULATION OF IONIC CONSTITUENTS OCCURS FREQUENTLY AND BY SPECIFIC GEOMORPHIC AND CHEMICAL FLOW PRINCIPLES.

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Hydropedology (Stratigraphy & Geomorphology) of Salinity and Evaporites

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  1. Hydropedology (Stratigraphy & Geomorphology) of Salinity and Evaporites RATIONALE DISSOLUTION, TRANSPORT, AND ACCUMULATION OF IONIC CONSTITUENTS OCCURS FREQUENTLY AND BY SPECIFIC GEOMORPHIC AND CHEMICAL FLOW PRINCIPLES. THE ACCUMULATION OF SALTS RESULT IN LOSS OF PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND IS ONE FORM OF DESERTIFICATION. SALINITY AND SODICITY, THEREFORE, IMPACT SOIL PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY, AND BEHAVIOR, WHICH IN TURN IMPACTS SOIL SURVEY CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION. .

  2. OBJECTIVES • Participants will explain and diagram natural salinization based landscape features and saturated, matric, and osmotic water flow conditions. • Participants will be able to diagrammically sequence salinization using the Hardie-Eugster Closed Basin Brine Model.

  3. ARTESIAN FLOW Precipitation & Infiltration Evapotranspiration Black Hills RECHARGE Grand Forks 360 MILES Lincoln DISCHARGE Ground Surface Fm Fg Dakota Sandstone THROUGHFLOW DAKOTA SANDSTONE is a Cretaceous aged marine sediment. Like nearly all marine sediments, NaCl is present. Source of soil salts frequently is the parent material. Soluble salts are translocated by saturated flow to discharge sites and concentrated (accumulate) by matric flow (capillarity). Plant damage is by osmotic flow or lack of flow to plant cells. Gosselin DC, HF Edwin, and CO Frost. 2001; Gerla, P.J. 2004

  4. MATRIC FLOW (Capillarity)SOIL HORIZONS Calcic Horizon Bkg EVAPOTRANSPIRATION wind DRY Dry Wet Mollic Surface Fm Fg Bk Mollisol Calciaquoll ET>I Calcic Horizon Fm Gley-calcic Bkg

  5. Moisture Profile Salt Profile Root Zone Capillary Fringe CriticalDepth NONSALINE Cations Anions Water Table Water Table BELOW Critical Depth

  6. Cations Anions Moisture Profile Salt Profile Capillary Fringe Root Zone Bkyzg BAD NEWS Water Table Personal comm. A. Maianu Critical Depth Water Table above Critical Depth

  7. Coal Seam Seep Recharge Seep Aquifer coal seam Aquitard underclay JAROSITE - a bright yellow mineral KFe3(III)(SO4)2(OH)6 often occurs at reflow sites (seeps). Forms in acid sulfateconditions - pH levels below 4.0. Occurs in acid mine drainage in large amounts called “yellow boy”. BE ALERT FOR JAROSITE NEAR BLACK SHALES! Sulfate Sulfide Low pH High pH OCCURS IN WETLANDS WITH WET AND DRY CONDITIONS

  8. Hydrostatic Pressure Seep SODIC SALINE & SODIC SALINE piezometric surface piezometer Till AQUIFER sand lens SHALE LANGDON, ND LANDSCAPE550m

  9. Glacial Depression Seeps in Sub-humid & Semi-arid Climates Recharge Pothole Flowthrough Pothole Discharge Pothole Seep Seep TILL Higher Hydraulic Conductivity Near the Soil Surface After Lissey 1971

  10. LANDSCAPE SALINITY PONDS AND CAPILLARY Or MATRIC FLOW SALTS (precipitates)

  11. SALTS ARE PRECIPITATED IN SEQUENCE FROM LEAST TO MOST SOLUBLE • Calcite forms. • If Ca > carbonate, gypsum forms; • If Ca < carbonate then pH exceeds 8.5, usually. And sodium carbonate minerals form; proto-dolomite has been reported. (Ca>1Mg<1)(CO3)2 • In gypsum sequence, sulfate salts are most common in saline soils. Eugster – Hardie model 1970

  12. CHEMICAL DIVIDES HIGH CA HIGH CARBONATE CaCO3 Proto-dolomite (Ca>1Mg<1)(CO3)2 CaSO4 Ca High pH Soda Salts SO4

  13. CHEMICAL DIVIDEStypical Ground Water Effects for North Dakota Ca<SO4 SO4 Sulfatic Water Conc. Mmols/L Ca SO4 ppt Ca 4 Arndt & Richardson 1989 EC(dS/m)

  14. CHEMICAL DIVIDEStypical Ground Water Effects for North Dakota Ca<SO4 Na Sulfatic Water Mg Conc. Mmols/L Ca 4 Arndt & Richardson 1989 EC(dS/m)

  15. CHEMICAL DIVIDES Relative Amount Ca CO3 EC mmols/cm Dessication

  16. CONCLUSIONS • Even in landscapes with ground water throughflow, the Hardie-Eugster chemical divides system explains the evaporite sequence and ion solution concentration. • Soil salinity in the mid-continent should be explained in terms of such an evaporite sequence if possible.

  17. CHEMICAL DIVIDES2nd Step Sandy Soils in NDand in Warm Climates Ca<CO3 Humdinger data *Bk is proto-dolomite (Ca>1Mg<1)(CO3)2

  18. ? QUESTIONS 1. Diagram and explain translocation and accumulation of soluble salts by water flow characteristics. 2. Diagram and explain the Hardie & Eugster evaporite sequence. 3. Diagram and explain the profile salt accumulation of secondary salinization. This is part of the Humdinger Exam ..

  19. OUTWASH TERRACE; HIGH WATER TABLE EVERY SPRING; 94% SAND OR COARSER, HIGH SODIUM & pH; white Bk is Protodolomite; note the Btn horizon. E Btn pH 9.1 Bk 50% clay 2Cg 94% sand THE STUDENT WILL DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS SOIL, ESPECIALLY FOCUS ON THE WATER DYNAMICS. STIRUM: COARSE-LOAMY, MIXED, SUPERACTIVE, FRIGID TYPICNATRAQUOLL

  20. SODICITY • 1. Add SODIUM • 2. SOIL AGGREGATES harden dry.They are stronger dry than Ca types. • 3. Soils expand more with sodium ions wet.They are more plastic and weaker wet than Ca exchange ions. • 4. Erodibility and crusting are increase with sodium ions. Tilth of the soil is remarkable poor.

  21. CHEMICAL REACTIONS SODIUM EXCHANGE RECLAMATION Na2SO4 + +CaSO4 Ca Na Na SODIUM EXCHANGE Na Na Ca CaCl2 + + 2NaCl RECLAMATION

  22. END TO FACE FLOCCULATION ++ POSITIVE ++ NEGATIVE -------------------- ----------- ++ ++ OPEN AGGREGATION Non-Dispersed

  23. Dispersed ClaysFACE to FACE Loose SLICK Packing Wet (Weak) Dense Packing Dry (Strong)

  24. REFERENCES USED • Arndt, J.L. and J.L. Richardson. 1989. Geochemical development of hydric soil salinity in a North Dakota prairie-pothole wetland system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:848-855. • Hardie, L.A. and H.P. Eugster.1970. The evolution of closed-basin brines. Mineral Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 3:273-290. • Keller, L. P., G. J. McCarthy, and J. L. Richardson. 1986. Mineralogy and stability of soil evaporites in North Dakota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:1069-1071. • Knuteson, J. A., J. L. Richardson, D. D. Patterson, and L. Prunty. 1989. Pedogenic carbonates in a Calciaquoll associated with a recharge wetland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:495-499. • Maianu, A., J.L. Richardson, and P.G. Held. 1987. Salt accumulation in the groundwaters of North Dakota. ND Farm Research 45(2):12-18. • Richardson, J.L. 2005. Soluble salts: Translocation and accumulation, pp 1664-1665. in Lal, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 2nd Edition, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis, NY. • Skarie, R. L., J. L. Richardson, A. Maianu, and G. K. Clambey. 1986. Soil and groundwater salinity along drainage ditches in eastern North Dakota. J. Environ. Qual. 15:334-340. • Steinwand, A.L. and J.L. Richardson. 1989. Gypsum occurrence in soils on the margin of semipermanent prairie pothole wetlands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:836-842. • Timpson, M. E. and J. L. Richardson. 1986. Ionic composition and distribution in saline seeps of southwestern North Dakota, USA. Geoderma 25:295-305.

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