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LEVELS OF LANGUAGE

LEVELS OF LANGUAGE. SOUND PHONEME MORPHEME WORD PHRASE CLAUSE/SENTENCE. PHONEME, SYLLABLE AND MORPHEME. Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that differentiates meaning. For example: a, i, e , etc. in words: big, bag, beg .

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LEVELS OF LANGUAGE

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  1. LEVELS OF LANGUAGE • SOUND • PHONEME • MORPHEME • WORD • PHRASE • CLAUSE/SENTENCE

  2. PHONEME, SYLLABLE AND MORPHEME • Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that differentiates meaning. For example: a, i, e, etc. in words: big, bag, beg. • Syllable is phonemes that are put together in a variety of ways in a language. For example: pho, to, co, and py in the word photocopy. • Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units in a language/ the smallest units in a language that have meaning. For example: book and –s in the word books.

  3. MORPHOLOGY Morphology is the study of morphemes and how they are joined together to form the larger unit called words. Morphological rules are those that determine how morphemes are combined into words. Example: A rule which says that the morpheme –ly can be added after a word, but not before, the morpheme – full can be added before the morpheme -ly but not after it. Therefore, there will be no words such as lycareful, or fullycare.

  4. KINDS OF MORPHEMES • Free morpheme : one which may stand alone in a language, without requiring the presence of additional morphemes in order to be freely pronounceable as a word. Example: chair, good, slow, you, we, etc. 2. Bound morpheme: one which cannot stand alone as a freely pronounceable word in a language, but which requires the presence of some other morpheme. Example: -ed, - ly, - ness, etc. • Root: a morpheme which has the potential of having other morphemes attached to it. Example: cat, large, clear, class, etc. • Non- root: a morpheme which can never have any other morpheme attached to it. Example: and, for, she, many, etc.

  5. Morphemes (Cont……) • A free root: a root which can occur as a free morpheme, but which can also have other morphemes attached to it. Example: cat, happy, sad, teach, etc. 2. A bound root: a root which cannot occur as a free morpheme, but which is still clearly recognisable as the semantic and structural core of the word in which it occurs. Example: -gruntle-, huckle-, boysen-, cran-. Some bound morphemes can also be found in Pameese such as –lehe- (pull). Arabic also has this kind of root, Such as ktb (write), drs (study). • A free non- root: a morpheme that can stand by itself as the sole constituent of a word, but which can never occur with another bound morpheme attached to it. Example: at, to, from, and, those, you, etc.

  6. Morphemes (Cont……) • A bound non root: is referred to specifically as an affix. Those are morphemes that are not free, in that they must always be attached to a root morpheme. Example: affixes: prefix ( un-, dis- ), suffix (-ly, -ment, -ness, -s, -ed), infix (-em- in Javanese), simulfix (per-….-an in Javanese or Indonesian)

  7. Exercises Identify: - Free root - Free Non-root - Bound Non-root • These two classes could also be defined formally, as well as functionally. • Word generally corresponds to the minimal units of phonological analysis. • Typically this means that stress assignment rules apply in terms of the number of syllables away from the beginning or end of a word.

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