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The Bloody Facts

The Bloody Facts. Brief Composition of Blood. Adult human - 4–6 liters of blood Several types of cells floating in plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide. Several types of white blood cells fight infection.

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The Bloody Facts

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  1. The Bloody Facts

  2. Brief Composition of Blood • Adult human - 4–6 liters of blood • Several types of cells floating in plasma. • Red blood cells contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide. • Several types of white blood cells fight infection. • The platelets help blood to clot. • The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.

  3. Blood Tissue Slide

  4. Blood Tissue Slide lymphocyte neutrophil

  5. Oxygen Transport

  6. Four globin chains (two alpha and two beta) Each globin chain contains small, heme group. In center of heme is an iron (Fe) atom. Black dots on beta chains show location of the HbS (sickle-cell) mutation.

  7. Red Blood Cells (RBC) • Shaped like jelly donuts! • Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide • In lungs, 1 oxygen molecule is attached to 1 iron unit in the hemoglobin. (Now called oxy-hemoglobin – bright red).     • RBC’s circulate, unload oxygen where needed, such as at muscle cells.

  8. Red Blood Cells (RBC), con’t. • In lungs - high oxygen, low temperature and low acidity. So RBC automatically absorbs oxygen. • In the tissues - warmer, lower in oxygen, more acidic (high carbon dioxide). RBC more likely to lose oxygen. Then hemoglobin is called deoxyhemoglobin (dull red).

  9. RBC’s continued • RBC has no nucleus - more space to carry oxygen. • RBC’s life span about 3-4 months. Then, destroyed in liver. Old iron used to produce new red blood cells. • RBC does not have mitochondria or other organelles. RBC depends on anaerobic respiration which keeps the RBC from using up the oxygen it is carrying.

  10. Carbon Dioxide

  11. Sickle Cell Anemia

  12. What is Sickle Cell? • Genetic Disorder – sort of recessive • Small change in hemoglobin causes it to form rods when it donates oxygen especially during exercise • This causes cells to sickle and rupture when blood gets clogged in vessels • Treatments include folic acid to speed up RBC development

  13. Hemoglobin Mutants: Missense, Nonsense, and Frameshift

  14. Plasma • Straw colored, mostly water. • 55% of the blood • Ions such as Na+, Cl-, etc     • Plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, etc) • Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) • Circulating Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) • Circulating Tissue products (urea, creatinine, lactate, etc) • Circulating Hormones (insulin, adrenaline, etc)

  15. Platelets • Platelets – vital to blood clotting. • 1st, single platelets bind to wound (adhesion). • 2nd, platelets bind to each other (activation). Activation stimulated by clotting factors released when the blood vessel is damaged. When platelets activated they release chemicals which activate surrounding platelets. Result is formation of fibrin which stabilizes platelet plug, stops bleeding and allows injuries to heal.

  16. Hemophilia • Genetic: Missing one of the clotting factors needed for blood clotting – Factor VIII or Factor IX • Acquired: your body forms antibodies against the clotting factors

  17. Interesting Factoid 2% of the serotonin, a mood elevating neurotransmitter, is stored in platelets. Platelets also carry its precursory chemical L-tryptophan. Serotonin can't pass through blood brain barrier but L-tryptophan can. These are involved in sleep/wake cycles, biological rhythms, appetite, mood regulation, etc.

  18. Blood Clotting • http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200077.htm

  19. Blood Cell Formation • First in yolk sac of 2 week embryo • Later in the liver • At 20 weeks, in bone marrow • Red marrow (2/3 makes WBC, 1/3 makes RBC • Initial stem cells (uncommitted)

  20. Materials Exchange

  21. Blood Groups, Typing, Transfusions • Transfusion experiments carried out for hundreds of years. (Many patients died!) • 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups • Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping occurs when the receiver has antibodies against the donor blood cells. • Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and carry out blood transfusions safely. • For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

  22. What are Blood Types? • Inherited differences in human blood due to presence or absence of carbohydrate molecules called antigens. • Antigens located on surface of RBC and antibodies (proteins) are in blood plasma. • More than 20 genetic blood group systems known today, but AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones for blood transfusions. • Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

  23. ABO blood groups AB0 blood grouping system According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null).   Blood group AA antigens and anti-B antibodies Blood group BB antigens and anti-A antibodies Blood group ABBoth A and B antigens, neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Blood group 0Neither A nor B antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  24. Rh Factor • If people have the antigen they are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. • A person with Rh- blood has no Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood • A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

  25. Blood Typing • Take two drops of blood • Put anti-A antibodies on one drop. • Put anti-B antibodies on the second drop. • If first drop agglutinates, then the person has the A antigen • If the second drop agglutinates, then the person has the B antigen also

  26. Why is agglutination bad? What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates? Agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.

  27. Blood Transfusions • Blood transfusions – who can receive blood fromwhom? •   People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers." The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.

  28. Who can give to whom?

  29. Rh Disease

  30. Frequencies of Blood Types

  31. Are all blood types equal? Some evidence that blood groups are related to protection or susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. • Types A and AB are more susceptible to smallpox • Type A associated with stomach cancer • Type O associated with increased likelihood of duodenal ulcers and death from the plague but resistance to flukes and worms

  32. Evolution? THE ABO STUDIES of the APESChimpanzees - blood types A and minimal O, but never B. Gorillas - blood types B and minimal O (maybe), but never A.There is NO blood type AB in chimps or gorillas. Baboons – types A, B, and O Humans have both A and B AND blood type AB as well as O.

  33. Evolution, con’t • Blood type A first • 500 mya – type O • Almost at the same time – type B • Ddifferent blood types might have evolved to give populations a defense against viruses and bacteria. • Scientists used a mathematical model to show that this diversity is caused by selection pressures imposed on human populations by viral and bacterial infections. • Model suggests that if viral infections dominate a population, blood type O will be most common, whereas if bacterial infections are more common, then A and B blood types will be more frequent.

  34. Blood Type – And Malaria 1998 Research In Zimbabwe, malaria occurs in patients of any blood group However, individuals with group A blood seem to have lower hemoglobin levels and to be at greater risk of developing severe central nervous system malaria with coma. Did this “push” the evolution of type O blood? • http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18504473

  35. Bibliography http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm http://www.dadamo.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw =&file=answers%2Fimmunology%2Fans_034.html http://health.howstuffworks.com/blood.htm http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html

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