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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. What makes up the skeletal system? Bones (& connective tissue) made up of living and nonliving material Cartilage-no blood vessels Tendons (attach muscle to bone) Ligaments (attach bone to bone). Functions. Support and shape Protect organs

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System • What makes up the skeletal system? • Bones (& connective tissue) made up of living and nonliving material • Cartilage-no blood vessels • Tendons (attach muscle to bone) • Ligaments (attach bone to bone)

  2. Functions • Support and shape • Protect organs • Provide a system of levers (mov’t) • Mineral reserve (Ca & P) store fat • Site of blood cell formation (marrow)

  3. Yellow Marrow Blood vessels Nerve cells Fat cells Red Marrow Produces red blood cells (erythrocytes) Produces white blood cells (leukocytes-lymphocytes) Other elements (platlets-thrombocytes) Bone Marrow

  4. Development of Bone • Chondrocytes- cartilage cells • Cartilage- connective tissue. Found where needed. (nose, ears, voice box, windpipe, ends of bones, ribs) • 3 Types of cartilage: • Elastic-flexible • (ears) • Hyaline-loose collagen, not too strong • (end of nose, ribs, bones, joints) • Fibrocartilage- densely packed, tough • (Intervertebral disks, pubis symphasis)

  5. Development continued • Replacement bone- cartilage model of what bones will look like • Newborns are mostly cartilage • Cartilage is replaced by bones about two months in utero. • Ossification is the process where cartilage is replaced by bone. • Mineral deposits lay down near center • Bone tissues form OSTEOCYTES (bone cells) that replace cartilage.

  6. Growth of bones

  7. Bones are made up of living and nonliving material. Periosteum- tough membrane surrounds the bone. (blood vessels carry oxygen & nutrients to bone) Structure of Bones

  8. Compact Bone- thick layer beneath periosteum. Dense (ivory texture) Not solid; filled with marrow Spongy Bone- Inside layer of spongy bone Not soft or spongy Strong (adds strength w/out adding mass)

  9. Haversian canals- Network of tubes that carry blood vessels & nerves. Supply bones with blood. Structure continued…

  10. Types of Bones • Short • carpals • Long • femur • Irregular • sphenoid • Flat • skull

  11. Factors Affecting Bone Growth • Mechanical Stress-weight lifting • Nutrition • Hormones

  12. Body Positions • Anatomical Position- arms by side, thumbs up, feet slightly apart.

  13. Superior/Inferior • Anterior/Posterior • Ventral/Dorsal • Proximal/Distal • Medial/Lateral • Cephalic/Caudal

  14. Sagittal- separates Right and Left Frontal- separates Front and Back Transverse- separates Top and Bottom Anatomical Planes

  15. How do bones move? • Bones move by using a system of levers called JOINTS. • Joints- • Where two bones meet • Permit movement • Hold bones in place

  16. Joints • Immoveable Joints- • Fixed, allow no movement • skull • Slightly Moveable Joints- • Small amount of mov’t • Tibia, fibula, and vertebral column • Freely Moveable Joints- • Most joints, ends of bones covered with cartilage • Synovial fluid-thin lubricant over joint • Small pockets of synovial fluid (BURSAE)

  17. Freely Moveable Joints • Ball and socket- permits circular mov’t: widest range of motion. • (shoulder and hip) • Hinge-back and forth mov’t • (Elbow and knee) • Pivot- allow rotation around a fixed point • (atlas and axis) and (radius and ulna)

  18. More Freely Moveable Joints • Gliding-Sliding of one bone over another • (Wrist, ankles, clavicles) • Saddle-permit movement at 2 planes • (Thumb) • Ellipsoid- hinge type mov’t in 2 directions • Fingers to palms and toes with soles.

  19. Muscles • Muscles make up ½ of the body’s weight. Mrs. Hinzman in College

  20. Three types of Muscles • Skeletal- voluntary • Attaches to bone • Smooth- involuntary • Alimentary canal, keeps eyes focused, arteries • Cardiac-involuntary • Found only in the heart

  21. Muscles • Skeletal • Striated, multinucleated • Smooth • Spindle shaped, single nucleus • Cardiac • Striated, single nucleus

  22. Muscle Tone • Muscles are kept in partial contracted state by a steady flow of nerve impulses from the spinal cord. • If muscles lose nerve supply, what happens? • Shrinks, muscles lose about 2/3 bulk w/in months • Muscles can repair themselves

  23. Origin • Muscle attachment on stable bone • Insertion • Muscle attaches to one or more moveable bones.

  24. Muscle STRENGTH • Depends on muscle shape: • Most powerful muscle is where? • Spine-maintain posture and lifting • Hand muscles-dexterity • Eye (sphinctor) muscles- dialate, open and close like a valve.

  25. How Do Muscles Contract? • Myosin- thick filaments • Actin- thin filaments • Cross Bridges- knoblike projections that form in each myosin filament when actin and myosin come together.

  26. Sliding Filament Theory • 1. When muscles contract, CROSS BRIDGES move pulling the ACTIN and MYOSIN passed each other. • 2. After CROSS BRIDGES move as far as it can, they release ACTIN to its natural position. • Muscle work against each other (antagonist) • Flexing-makes angle small (biceps) • Extending-makes the angle bigger (triceps)

  27. The Return of ATP • ATP • Gives us energy (how do we get ATP in our bodies?) • Aerobic process (required oxygen)-cellular respiration • Anaerobic process (no oxygen needed)-fermentation (glycolysis) • ATP makes and breaks contractions of actin and myosin. (enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, terminates a muscle contraction)

  28. Questions??? • Do muscles push, pull, or do both? • What would take longer to heal? • Muscle, tendon, or ligament. Why?

  29. Anterior Temporalis Deltoid Pectoralis major/minor Biceps Sternocleidomastoid Frontalis Obicularis occuli/ oris Quadriceps Sartoris Masseter Gracilis Obliques

  30. Occipitalis Trapezius Hamstring Latissimus Dorsi Gastrocnemius Triceps Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Anterior Posterior

  31. Integument (SKIN) System • Skin is the largest organ in the body • Self repairing • How does skin repair itself? What process occurs? • What pigment determines the color of skin?

  32. Functions • Protect body from injury or infection • Helps regulate body temperature • How? • Removes waste • How? • Protects from UV rays • How?

  33. EPIDERMIS • Outer most layer of skin, NO BLOOD VESSELS, but has NERVES • Cells undergo rapid division (MITOSIS) • As new cells are produced, old cell are pushed to surface become Keratin • Keratin is tough fibrous protein that forms hair, nails, and calluses • Keratin waterproofs our skin • New outer layer of skin is renewed every 14-28 days

  34. DERMIS • Inner most layer under the epidermis • Contains blood vessels and nerves, sense organs, smooth muscle, and hair follicles

  35. Hot or Cold? • What does our body do to conserve heat? • Blood vessels constrict to limit the heat lost…keeps us warmer • What does our body do to cool down? • Blood vessels open up, increases heat loss

  36. Glands in Dermis • 1. Sweat gland- • Produces sweat (salt and water) • Nerve impulses stimulate when body temp. rises • 2. Sebaceous gland- • Produces oily secretion called SEBUM • Keeps skin flexible and waterproof

  37. Hypodermis • Layer beneath the dermis • Composed mostly of fat • Insulates the body • Protects • Energy storage

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