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Darwin’s Bright Idea

Darwin’s Bright Idea. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882). Born 12 February 1809 Named after his uncle (Charles) and his father (Robert). Referred to as “Bobby” by his family during his childhood Grandson of Erasmus Darwin

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Darwin’s Bright Idea

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  1. Darwin’s Bright Idea

  2. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) • Born 12 February 1809 • Named after his uncle (Charles) and his father (Robert). Referred to as “Bobby” by his family during his childhood • Grandson of Erasmus Darwin • English physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, inventor, and poet Click HERE for more pictures of Darwin’s home and birthplace Charles as a child Grandpa Erasmus

  3. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • 27 December 1831: joined HMS Beagle voyage as the ship’s naturalist • 5-yr cruise around the world to chart unknown territory, especially along the S. Am. Coastline; visited the Galapagos islands Click HERE for an interactive voyage of the Beagle

  4. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands • Group of small islands 1,000 km west of Ecuador • Influenced Darwin’s thinking the most • Characteristics of organisms varied noticeably (Click below to watch videos of the Galapagos fauna) Blue-footed boobies Tortoises Marine iguanas

  5. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands • Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould Are these finches variants of the same species, or are they different species?

  6. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands • Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould Despite many superficial resemblances, these birds are from distinct species. John Gould Zoological Society of London

  7. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands • Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould If they are from different species, why do they have similar appearances? Are they related to each other? Could it be that they were once part of the same species?

  8. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed during the Beagle’s journey: • The diversity of life • Fitness of organisms Animals of Australian grasslands Feral pig (wild boar; Susscrofa) Eastern grey kangaroo(Macropusgiganteus) Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) European rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus) 1 2 3 4

  9. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: • The diversity of life • Fitness of organisms Animals of Argentinian grasslands Pampas cat (Leoparduspajeros) Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) Pampas finch (Embernagraplatensis) Pampas deer (Ozotocerosbezoarticus) 4 3 1 2

  10. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) Where did all these life forms come from? Did you know…? Scientists estimate that around 3 to 20 million species exist today, and that 99.9% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why did different species live in certain places? Why have so many of them disappeared, and how were they related to living species?

  11. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: • The diversity of life • Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment Insectivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii) Tarsier (Tarsiussyrichta) Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans)

  12. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: • The diversity of life • Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment • Due to physical traits and behaviors that help it adapt to environmental conditions Why are there so many different techniques for survival? How did all these organisms develop the structures that give them their fitness?

  13. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type

  14. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. Wallace had come up with a theory of natural selection that is very similar to my own! :O

  15. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. The struggle for existence…the transmutation of the species…

  16. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 July 1Charles Darwin first went public about his views on the evolution of species. The papers of Darwin and Wallace were read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London. The reaction to this meeting was a mixture of shock, excitement, and stunned silence. AboutDarwin.com

  17. On the Origin of Species (1859) • Published 24 November 1859 • Two main concepts: • Evolution • Common descent • Natural selection

  18. On the Origin of Species (1859) • Evolution: descent with modification • Process of change in species through time • Common descent • Natural selection: mechanism for evolution • Adaptations • Struggle for existence

  19. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1860 January The repercussions of Origin of Species were mixed. Thomas Huxley and Joseph Hooker thought very highly of it and soon became stronger allies with Darwin. Huxley soon became a ruthless defender of evolution, even going so far as to suggest that mankind was a transmuted ape! Richard Owen was outraged by the Origin. He saw the ideas expressed in the book as being dangerous to society. He also though the book left too many unanswered questions, and worst of all it leaned natural science away from its respectable position as an investigator of God’s creation. Most readers, however, simply did not understand how natural selection worked. They could not see who or what was doing the selecting. Many assumed God was the selector. AboutDarwin.com Thomas Huxley Joseph Hooker Richard Owen

  20. On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1866 The phrase, “Survival of the fittest,” was coined by Herbert Spencer in his two volume book: “Principles of Biology”. It became a substitute for the phrase, “natural selection”, which led people to think selection required a selector (i.e., God). AboutDarwin.com

  21. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory

  22. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • ECONOMICS Competition for limited resources Woodstock 1969

  23. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING • Artificial selection Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris) The intervention of humans ensures that only individuals with the most desirable traits produce offspring.

  24. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • GEOLOGY • The Earth is more than just a few thousand years old

  25. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction • Variation • Competition • Survival to reproduce

  26. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation • Competition • Survival to reproduce

  27. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • VariationThere is variation among offspring • Competition • Survival to reproduce

  28. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • VariationThere is variation among offspring • CompetitionOrganisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduce  Struggle for existence

  29. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • VariationThere is variation among offspring • CompetitionOrganisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduceIndividuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive  Struggle for existence  Survival of the fittest

  30. Natural Selectionas a Mechanism for Evolution • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • VariationThere is variation among offspring • CompetitionOrganisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduceIndividuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive Lycaonpictus Canislatrans Vulpesspp. Canis lupus Canis spp. The differential success in reproduction resulting from the organisms’ interaction with their environment

  31. Natural vs. Artificial Selection Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris) • Operates in similar manners • Natural selection occurs over much longer periods of time, w/o any goal or purpose Canislatrans Lycaonpictus Vulpesspp. Canis lupus Canis spp.

  32. Natural Selection in Populations • Natural selection involves interactions between individual organisms and their environment, but individuals do NOT evolve • A population is the smallest unit that can evolve Click the pic to view a simulation of natural selection in a population of fictitious blue organisms.

  33. EvolutionLamarckian vs. Darwinian Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits

  34. EvolutionLamarckian vs. Darwinian • Desire to changeInborn urge to better themselves; innate tendency toward complexity and perfection • Use and disuseChange occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways • Inheritance of acquired traitsIf an animal acquired a body structure during its lifetime, it could pass that change to its offpsring Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits

  35. EvolutionLamarckian vs. Darwinian • OverproductionEach species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • VariationThere is variation among offspring • CompetitionOrganisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduceIndividuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits

  36. EvolutionLamarckian vs. Darwinian ? ! ? ! Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits

  37. Click to learn more aboutDarwin’s Bright Idea Understanding Evolution PBS.org – Evolution AboutDarwin.com Nature – Darwin 200 DarwinLive.com NY Times – Charles Darwin NY Times – Evolution LiveScience.com - Evolution

  38. References • Main reference Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (1995). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. • Other references • Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2004). Biology (7th ed.). Menlo Park, California: Benjamin Cummings. • Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (2002). Biology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. • Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. (1993). Biology (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing.

  39. Image Sources • Slide 2Shrewsbury: http://www.voa.gov.uk/where/images/shrewesbury.gifCharles: http://www.darwinday.org/learn/darwin.htmlErasmus: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2004/wallis/a%20fool%20you%20know.htm • Slide 3Interactive voyage of the Beagle: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/expeditions-collecting/beagle-voyage/ • Slide 4Galapagos: http://www.galapagoskreuzfahrten.com/photo/news/200709_05.gif • Slide 5, 6, 7Finches: http://campus.digication.com/darwin/finches • Slide 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21Darwin: http://www.arps.org/USERS/ms/KepplerC/Charles-Darwin-31.jpg

  40. Image Sources • Slide 6Gould: http://www.nla.gov.au/collect/treasures/images/gouldport.jpg • Slide 8Feral pig: http://simplebrowser.blogspot.com/2007/10/feral-pigs-biggest-problem-in-australia.htmlKangaroo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Grey_KangarooDingo: http://kritterkorner.wordpress.com/2008/07/15/dingo-wild-dog-of-australia/Rabbit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania.jpg • Slide 9Pampas cat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_CatPampas deer - http://lh5.ggpht.com/_rotqvPRmbtU/SQEarZPe2AI/AAAAAAAAH5Q/RgBebPPBLqE/DSC_5229.JPGPampas finch - http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_DPCSd1DIHig/SJRQ2g2N0wI/AAAAAAAAAgY/7fz3Khq1Fks/s400/GreatPampafinch.jpgGreater Rhea - http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/451883177_c9b2ddfbb6_o.jpg

  41. Image Sources • Slide 11Pitcher plant - http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/meat.eating.plant/index.htmlTarsier - http://scienceguy288.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/wildlife-wednesday-tarsier/Philippine flying lemur - http://dailymammal.blogspot.com/2008/05/philippine-flying-lemur-colugo.html • Slide 13, 15Wallace: http://stewartsstruggles.blogspot.com/2008/08/wallace.html • Slide 14, 16, 19Yahoo Emoticons: http://messenger.yahoo.com/features/emoticons/ • Slide 17Origin: http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/darwin/originb.jpg

  42. Image Sources • Slide 19Huxley: http://www2.scc-fl.edu/asalmon/chronology_complete_version.htmHooker: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Hooker.htmlOwen: http://evolvingwithdarwin.blogspot.com/2008/07/sir-richard-owen.html • Slide 20Herbert Spencer: http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Biology-v-1/dp/0898757940 • Slide 21, 22Malthus: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/courses/v1001/evol.html • Slide 22Woodstock: http://sparkncinder.wordpress.com/2009/08/12/woodstock-1969/Crops: http://marincountyfreelibrary.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_marincountyfreelibrary_archive.html#108785724111160085 • Slide 21, 23, 31Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece

  43. Image Sources • Slide 21, 24Lyell: http://historiadaciencia.blogspot.com/2009/03/o-impacto-do-manuscrito-de-wallace-de.html • Slide 24Principles: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/4/image_pop/l_024_01.html • Slides 25 to 29Puppies nursing: http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/finnegan.asp • Slide 30, 31Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece • Slide 32Natural Selection Simulation: http://www.biologyinmotion.com/evol/index.html

  44. Image Sources • Slides 33 to 36Lamarck: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Lamarck.htmlDarwin: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/darwin.jpg • Slides 33 to 35Giraffe: http://www.betterphoto.com/uploads/processed/0026/0601291522231ms-588.jpg • Slide 36Giraffe: http://illustrationboard.blogspot.com/2009/06/evolution-wiped-out-short-stumpy.html Acknowledgment:Free PowerPoint Templates

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