Chapter 29 Review

1. Chapter 29 Review Stars

2. Which correctly lists objects in order of decreasing mass? • Solar System, Jupiter, Earth, Sun • Solar System, Jupiter, Sun, Earth • Sun, Solar System, Jupiter, Earth • Solar System, Sun, Jupiter, Earth

3. Which line on the graph best represents the way in which the number of sunspots changes over time? • A • B • C • D

4. Which planet has composition and density most similar to the Sun? • Saturn • Mars • Mercury • Venus

5. A scientist comparing the properties of a large number of different stars could expect to find the most variation in the data describing the stars’ • luminosity • diameter • composition • temperature

6. The line on this graph best describes the relationship between • the temperature of a star and its luminosity • the temperature of a star and its distance from Earth • the temperature of a star and its composition • the temperature of a star and its location in the universe

7. The timeline shows the sequence of events that occurs during the formation of a star. What is the correct label for the blank in the diagram? • nuclear fusion begins • internal temperature drops • gravity ceases to act • rotation begins

8. Which point on the timeline most correctly identifies the Sun’s current point in its lifecycle? • A • B • C • D

9. Use the table to calculate which of the following units represents the greatest distance. • meter • parsec • light year • kilometer

10. A scientist using parallax to determine the distance to a star will notice the greatest shift in a star’s apparent position when measured • at 6-month intervals • during Earth’s coldest weather • at the midpoint of the star’s rotation • at the peak of the star’s blueshift

11. Most of the light emitted by the Sun comes from the • chromosphere • corona • photosphere • prominence

12. When the polarity of the Sun's magnetic field is taken into account, the solar activity cycle lasts • 22.4 years • 22.2 years • 11.2 years • 11.4 years

13. What causes the dark bands observed in a solar spectrum? • the emission of specific elements • different chemical elements which absorb light at specific wavelengths • highly compressed, glowing gas • warmer gas in front of a source that emits a continuous spectrum

14. The apparent shift in a star’s position caused by the motion of the observer is called • luminosity • apparent magnitude • absolute magnitude • parallax

15. A star that is gravitationally bound to another star can either be part of a star cluster or a ____ star. • constellation • white dwarf • binary • red giant

16. All stars, including the Sun, have the following identical composition: • 25 percent hydrogen; 73 percent helium; and 2 percent oxygen • 25 percent helium; 73 percent hydrogen; and 2 percent other • 25 percent helium; 73 percent hydrogen; and 2 percent oxygen • 25 percent hydrogen; 73 percent helium; and 2 percent other

17. The ____ of a star determines its temperature, luminosity, and diameter. • mass • composition • energy output • density

18. Combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei, such as four hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

19. Cloud of interstellar gas and dust that collapses on itself to form a new star • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

20. Visible light arranged according to wavelengths • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

21. Group of bright stars named for an animal, a mythological character, or an everyday object • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

22. Minimum to maximum sunspots, a reversal of polarity, and minimum to maximum sunspots over a period of 22.4 years • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

23. Lowest layer of the Sun’s surface from which most of the light emitted by the Sun comes • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

24. Section of the H-R diagram into which about 90 percent of stars fall • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

25. Small, massive, dense object that has a gravity so immense that nothing—not even light—can escape it • black hole • photosphere • fusion • constellation • main sequence • nebula • solar activity cycle • spectrum

26. The density of gas in coronal holes is greater than the density of the entire corona. • True • False

27. The Sun is almost entirely composed of hydrogen and helium. • True • False

28. A parsec is a greater distance than a light year. • True • False

29. The shaded area of the graph correctly represents the percentage of stars that are in the main sequence of an HR diagram. • True • False

30. Stars more massive than the Sun use up their fuel at a slower rate. • True • False

31. The corona is visible only during eclipses because it is the coolest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. • True • False

32. When hydrogen nuclei fuse, they produce helium. • True • False

33. The state of matter found in the Sun’s interior is plasma. • True • False

34. The greatest proportion of elements in the universe are those with the smallest masses. • True • False

35. Scientists gather evidence about the Sun’s composition by directly sampling material from the Sun. • True • False

36. Other than the use of special instruments, the chromosphere is only visible during a solar eclipse when the photosphere is blocked. • True • False

37. In the modern classification of apparent magnitude, a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a factor of 100 in brightness. • True • False

38. When the core of a star collapses forever, the extremely dense object that remains is called a(n) neutron star. • True • False

39. As a star ages, its internal composition changes as nuclear reactions in the star’s core convert one element into another. • True • False

40. Astronomers can sometimes identify binary stars even if only one star is visible. • True • False

41. Absolute magnitude takes distance into account when indicating the surface temperature of a star. • True • False

42. Using the parallax technique, astronomers can accurately measure the distance of stars up to 300 pc away. • True • False

43. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R) diagram, first plotted in the nineteenth century, demonstrates the relationship of luminosity and temperature. • True • False

44. Stars are assigned a spectral type, with M being the hottest stars. • True • False

45. The mass of a star determines the star’s temperature, luminosity, and constellation. • True • False