Faculty of allied medical sciences

1. Faculty of allied medical sciences Environmental Health (NREH-101)

2. Pollution SUPERVISION Prof. Dr. MervatSalah

3. Outcomes: 1-To know the meaning and classification of pollution 2-To understand biological pollution 3-To know water related diseases 4-To study control and prevention of pollution

4. Pollution Definition Any undesirable change in physical , chemical or biological characteristics of air , land , water Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.

5. Pollution can be classified according to source:- Water Pollution Air Pollution Soil Pollution Solid Waste (domestic waste- medical waste- industrial waste- construction waste- Agricultural waste ) Pollution is divided into global pollution and local pollution .

6. Water pollution • Water resources • Surface water (rivers) • Ground water (wells) • Rain water Polluted water & contaminated water: Polluted water: water contain physical and chemical pollutants Contaminated water: water contain biological pollutants

7. Sources of water pollution Point and Non-point Source pollution Point Sources include sewers, industrial discharges, street drains combined sewer outfalls Non-point Sources include agricultural runoff, road runoff, landfill drainage, erosion & sedimentation processes, dead aquatic life and boats& ships

8. Types of Water Pollution • Physical:temp, pH, color, turbidity, taste &odor • Chemical: Inorganic: Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, hardness, chloride, solids, fluoride, heavy metals Organics: pesticide, phenol, oil & grease , biodegradable organic matter and non-biodegradable matter . Biological: Bactria, virus, parasites, protozoa

9. Physical pollution • To identify any problem; it must follow 3 steps: Sources – Effect – control measures • Temp S: cooling water, power station waste discharge E: Raising water temp and affect on aquatic life in the stream and uses of stream C: Apply waste minimization rule (4 R) and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

10. pH, turbidity, color, taste & odor S : natural source (aquatic life, erosion , runoff water) and man-made source( industrial waste, sewage) E : affecting on quality of water and its uses as recreational area (bathing) and navigation, affecting on aquatic life living in the stream, and on uses of water in industrial purposes (corrosion problem) C: Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

11. chemical pollution • Hardness(calcium and magnesium salt), chloride, Sulphate • S: desalting units discharge, industrial waste • E: increase dissolved salt content affecting on water uses as drinking water, domestic uses or industrial uses and needs to softening process. • C: Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams.

12. Amonia,Nitrates • S: fertilizer industrial waste, agricultural run off • E: in drinking water , it causes blue babies for infants less than 2 years • In surface water: cause eutrification problem (over growth of algae forming algae bloom) affecting on water treatment plant and uses of water in industrial purposes • C : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams • Phosphate: as mentioned before except blue babies

13. fluoride • S : natural sources • E : if water contain more than ≥ 1.5 ppm causes dental fluorosis تسمم الاسنان بالفلواريد . If ≤0.5 ppm causes dental caries تسوس الأسنان • C: follow up and monitoring of fluoride concentration in water supply and adjust it

14. Heavy metals • (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, iron & manganese • S: industrial waste • E: Toxicity effect on aquatic life as lead, mercury, arsenic poising. While iron & manganese from ground water cause rusty taste and red color in water • C:: Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams

15. Biological pollution • Bacteria • Protozoa • Parasites • Virus

16. Bacteria • Campylobacter • Cholera • E. Coli • Typhoid • Salmonella • Coliform bacteria , Streptococcus, Enterococcus that are used as indicator for contamination with pathogenic microorganism

17. Protozoa • Amoeba----ambiosis------sewage or untreated water • Giardialamblia----Giardiasis---- poor disinection, crossconection due to pipeline break • Cryptosporidia----cryptosporidiosis---poor disinfection • Parasite • Ascarias is an infection of the small intestine caused by water contaminated with eggs Ascarias

18. Viruse • Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery • Rotavirus • Paralysis • Polio • Liver damage Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through contaminated water and food;

19. Diseases Related to Water Water-borne Diseases Water-based Diseases Water-washed Diseases Water-related Diseases

20. Quiz 1 • Complete the following: • Pollution can be classified into: ----,-----,----,-----,-------- • Global environmental problems are---,-----,------ • Types of water pollution are:-----,------,------- • Any Environmental problem can be solved through ---------, --------,---------- • Sources of water pollution and its impacts------,------- • Physical pollution as-----,----,-----, ------- • Effect of temp. on receiving stream-------,------ • Effect of turbidity on receiving stream-------,------ • Effect of pH on receiving stream-------,------ • Effect of color on receiving stream-------,------ • Effect of odor on receiving stream-------,------

21. Recommended text book • Basic Environmental Health