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Faculty of allied medical sciences

Faculty of allied medical sciences. Histopathology and cytology (MLHC-201). DISEASES OF BLOOD VESSELS. Supervision: Prof.Dr . Noha Ragab. Outcomes. By the end of this lecture the student will understand the Atherosclerosis , causes and complication. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Definition:

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Faculty of allied medical sciences

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  1. Faculty of allied medical sciences Histopathology and cytology (MLHC-201)

  2. DISEASES OF BLOOD VESSELS Supervision: Prof.Dr. NohaRagab

  3. Outcomes By the end of this lecture the student will understand the Atherosclerosis , causes and complication .

  4. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS Definition: This is thickening and hardening of arterial walls. Arteriosclerosis includes: • Atherosclerosis • Mockenberg's sclerosis (medial calcification) • arteriolosclerosis

  5. ATHEROSCLEROSIS (ATHEROMA) • Definition: Atherosclerosis; this is patchy thickening of the intima of arteries by lesions composed of deposited lipids surrounded by proliferating connective tissue. Each of these lesions is called atheroma

  6. Risk factors: • High levels of plasma lipids (hypercholesteriamia) cause endothelial damage • Hypertension : is a major risk factor • Smoking : causes endothelial damage • Diabetes mellitus • Life style: lack of exercise, stress, obesity • Familial hereditary factors

  7. Pathological features • Sites of atherosclerosis: • Large arteries: aorta and its main branches • Small arteries : coronaries, cerebral and renal arteries • Medium sized arteries as femoral artery

  8. Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of disease is according to two theories • Chronic Endothelial Damage Theory • Thrombogenic Theory

  9. Chronic endothelial damage • Caused by: • Vascular stress (hypertension) • Toxic products of cigarette • Endothelial injury  allows trapping of LDL (cholesterol) in the sub-endothelial part of the intima • Also endothelial injury  enhance the adherence of platelets  release of platelet factors  stimulation of proliferation of connective tissue & smooth muscles

  10. Thrombogenic theory: • Fibrosis of an arterial thrombus can give rise to atheromatous plaque (lipids within the blood involve the thrombus)

  11. Atheroma of Aorta

  12. Effects and Complications: (A) Ischemic effects: • Ischemia may be incomplete i.e. narrowing or complete i.e. occlusion Small arteries • Coronaries: • Narrowing  arteriosclerosis heart diseases • Occlusion  myocardial infarction • Femoral artery: • Narrowing  intermittent claudication • Occlusion  dry gangrene of leg Large arteries: Aorta • Thrombosis may develop over atheromata and this may be detached to form thrombo-emboli which can cause systemic embolism leading to infarctions in different organs

  13. Angiogram - Embolism Infarction

  14. Narrowing of coronaries by atheroma

  15. Occlusion of coronaries by atheroma

  16. (B) Aneurysms formation: • A local enlargement of an artery • They are due to stretch of the atrophic media • The most common are: • The cerebral arteries • The aorta

  17. HYPERTENSION

  18. HYPERTENSION Definition: • Hypertension is persistent elevation of blood pressure above normal. The normal adult pressure is 140/90

  19. Types of hypertension: • Primary (essential) hypertension: (90%) • Secondary hypertension: (10%)

  20. Questions • Define Atherosclerosis and Hypertension ? • What is the risk factor for developing atherosclerosis ? • Explain with drawing the aneurysms formation ?

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