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Shifting Terrains, Crossing Boundaries Digital Libraries are Personal and Social Again!

Shifting Terrains, Crossing Boundaries Digital Libraries are Personal and Social Again!. Shalini R. Urs International School of Information Management University of Mysore Mysore, India shalini@isim.ac.in. Agenda. Shifting Terrains of the library idea Crossing Boundaries of knowledge

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Shifting Terrains, Crossing Boundaries Digital Libraries are Personal and Social Again!

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  1. Shifting Terrains, Crossing Boundaries Digital Libraries are Personal and Social Again! Shalini R. Urs International School of Information Management University of Mysore Mysore, India shalini@isim.ac.in

  2. Agenda Shifting Terrains of the library idea Crossing Boundaries of knowledge Digital Library—Grand Challenges DL 2.0 and its potential and possibilities Some Examples and Exemplars

  3. ShiftingTerrains “The More Things Change The More They Remain The Same” “

  4. The Library In the ancient times, libraries were essentially places for scholarship, archives of government and business transactions, and places for intellectual discourse, in addition to being social and cultural institutions.

  5. Alexandrian Library

  6. The library of Nalanda, known as Dharma Gunj (Mountain of Truth) or Dharmagañja (Treasury of Truth), was the most renowned repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time. Its collection was said to comprise hundreds of thousands of volumes, so extensive that it burned for months when set aflame by Muslim invaders. Nalanda Library ( 4th Century India)

  7. Library as a Metaphor Library is a metaphor for dynamic spaces for human information interactions (informational experiences ) This is the notion that we get when we consider the libraries of Alexandria or Nalanda The library is a metaphor for that space(physical or cyberspace ) This metaphor is quite old ( even in traditional societies such as India)

  8. Library as a collection In the post Gutenberg era – we seemed to have moved to the idea of library as a collection And organising the collection and findability took centre stage Access became the “mantra” and libraries became synonymous with documentary collections The idea of a meeting place continued but more as an adjunct rather than central to the notion of library.

  9. Library as Social Knowledge/Public Memory Based on and extrapolating the notion of Science as Public Knowledge (Ziman, 1969) libraries have been considered as social knowledge – accessible and available to one and all, while individual knowledge /individual memory is accessible and available to only oneself ( Kemp, 1976). Invention of writing helped civilisation to externalise the individual knowledge

  10. Library as an outsourced personal information store Historically, libraries are one of the early ‘out sourcing’ business models Customers( users) began to outsource their information store and activities to libraries Information activities transited from ‘private’ places (individual activities) to public places (outsourced to professionals/profession) Libraries moved from being private places to “public places”

  11. Libraries as cultural institutions David Carr (2006) in “ Minds in Museums and Libraries:The Cognitive Management of Cultural Institutions” examines the shared cognitive dimensions of cultural institutions like museums, libraries, and parks, and suggests that they make similar situations for transmitting information. Libraries (archives , museums, parks ..) are places that offer cognitive experiences to people integrating the past with the present bringing a history of knowing, reflecting and understanding .

  12. Crossing Boundaries

  13. Crossing Boundaries • The concept of boundaries has been used frequently over the last decade in organisational studies, information systems and communication research. Boundaries can be thought of as discontinuities of some form. • Crossing boundaries of various kinds is an essential feature of networked world. In an increasingly globalised and networked world we can expect boundary-crossing in all our interactions —both formal and informal communications .

  14. Crossing Boundaries • Understanding the significance and diversity of these boundary crossing phenomenon, and ways of • variously exploiting or overcoming them, is likely to be of increasing significance in all forms of knowledge transfer. • The network metaphor and its fusion of a range of theories( including the Social Networking Analysis) provides a useful perspective on interpreting the role and position of digital libraries against the wider background of research into the networking phenomenon

  15. Crossing Boundaries • Research across various disciplines, reflect this trend – boundary crossing and has also led to the notion of “ Networked Individuality”. • On the one hand the new economy and work force is organized around global networks yet on the other hand the work process is increasingly individualized. • This is also true of individuals and societies — it is both a case of distributed public cognition and a personalized individualized cognition.

  16. Digital Libraries Digital Libraries (DLs), a field that is coterminous with the Internet, has entered teenage and is on the cusp of change In the first era technical aspects dominated research and discourse and researchers were immersed deeply in confronting the technological challenges of building DLs. Thus in the beginning digital libraries seemed cold and impersonal. Ackerman (1994) cautioned “… be careful not to carelessly obliterate some of the important features of current libraries… (Do not) remove social exchange and interaction, focusing narrowly on the technical mechanisms of information access.

  17. Digital Libraries Ackerman said “ This is not only unwise, it is unnecessary since we could provide mechanisms for social exchange and interaction within our systems.” The second era, is witness to a renaissance of the social dimension of libraries with the realization that DLs are to be usable and engaging. With the advent and adoption of web 2.0 paradigm and technologies, DLs are crossing borders and are back to being personal and social again. The web 2.0 technologies have helped turn the realization into a reality.

  18. Digital Libraries The contemporary digital libraries transcend geographical and disciplinary boundaries, cross over diverse content types from scholarly to trivia and document genres of every kind and embrace digital objects of different hues and formats from manuscripts to maps, from to datasets to courseware, from images to music, from presentation slides to laboratory notes. The notion of metadata is transformed and fine grained to include everything from author to annotations to access modes.

  19. Digital Libraries Examination of the some definitions of digital libraries then (first era) and now ( second era) reflects this transformation/ avatar of digital libraries Digital Libraries are personal and social again!

  20. A working definition of digital library "Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities".(Digital Library Federation , 1999)

  21. DELOS Digital Reference Model and manifesto "The DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries now envisions a Digital Library as a tool at the centre of intellectual activity having no logical, conceptual, physical, temporal, or personal borders or barriers on information. It has moved from a content-centric system that simply organizes and provides access to particular collections of data and information, to a person-centric system that aims to provide interesting, novel, personalized experiences to users.

  22. Contemporary Visions of DLs Its main role has moved from static storage and retrieval of information to facilitation of communication, collaboration, and other forms of interaction among scientists, researchers, or the general public on themes that are pertinent to the information stored in the Digital Library."

  23. Contemporary Visions of DLs In its new “avatar” of digital libraries, the emphasis has shifted from technical to social aspects of personalisation, interaction, collaboration and co-creation of content and commentaries. “Co-creation” model advocated by management gurus C.K. Prahalad and Venkat Ramaswamy exemplifies a landscape where in, “Knowledgeable, web-empowered consumers will usher in … (a system) characterized by "co-creating value through personalized experiences unique to the individual consumer."

  24. Contemporary Visions of DLs From open source and open access movement to wisdom of the crowd movements, today’s world is characterized by mass collaboration. Digital Library 2.0 are characterised by - “being everywhere”; “no barriers”; “spirit of participation”; “flexible and best-of-breed systems”; being “human and recognizing that its users are human too” The new DL is all about collaborative network of different digital libraries, and networking of DLs with clients. DL 2.0 offers a personal learning landscape— MyDL: a personal and personalized digital library.

  25. Why DL 2.0 ? Do we need to develop DL 2.0 just because we want to join the new whizz kid on the block? Not necessarily. Web 2.0 is not just about new tools for content co creation and management, but also about ‘wikinomics of DL’. The “ crowd sourcing” and the “Wikinomics” model is the zeitgeist thing. Zeitgeist, referring to the moral and intellectual trends of a given era characteristic of an age or generation has some similarities to Thomas Kuhn's idea of scientific paradigms It is about a sustainable and scalable economic model for digital libraries (Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everythingby Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, December 2006)

  26. DL- Indian Scenario Indian DL Conferences : Pre Web digital content issues was the InfoTex 93 - An International Conference on Database Production and Distribution: Resources, Technology and Management, held at Bangalore, 28 Nov - 1 Dec 93 organized by Informatics India Limited. The first digital library conference of India was the SIS 96 – the 15th Annual Convention and Conference, 18-20 Jan 1996, Bangalore organized by the Society for Information Sciences.

  27. The major conferences that following the web and the Internet era and events which created the buzz around the field of digital libraries were the ICADL 2001 held in Bangalore(www.icadl2001.org) ICDL (International Conference on Digital Libraries) organized by TERI (the Energy Research Institute) during 2004, 2006 and now in 2010

  28. The digitization and digital library projects Digital Library of India (DLI) Initiative is the Indian part of the Universal Digital Library and the Million Books to the Web projects. The Million Books to the Web project is a collaborative project between the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and many more organizations across the US, India and China

  29. The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is a knowledge repository of the traditional knowledge setup by the NISCAIR ( National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, CSIR The objective of this library is to protect the ancient and traditional knowledge of the country from exploitation such as bio-piracy and unethical patents (http://www.niscair.res.in/).

  30. The Muktabodha Digital Library and Archiving Project was begun in 1995 as a manuscript microfilming project focusing mainly on photographing at-risk and rare palm-leaf Vedic Shrauta Ritual manuscripts from both private collections and from libraries. (http://www.muktabodha.org/). Kalasampada: Digital Library- Resource for Indian Cultural Heritage (DL-RICH) project sponsored by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT) (http://www.ignca.gov.in/dlrich/)

  31. Vidyanidhi digital library and eScholarship portal project at the University of Mysore (www.vidyanidhi.org.in), which began as a pilot project in 2000 to demonstrate the feasibility of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) in India. Today Vidyanidhi funded by the Ford Foundation is one of the largest repositories of Indian theses with more than 15000 full texts and 150,000 metadata records.

  32. DL : the grand challenges Personal information management Long term relationships between humans and information collections and systems Role of digital libraries, digital collections and other information services in supporting teaching, learning, and human development Active environments for computer supported collaborative work (Clifford Lynch : Dlib , July 2005)

  33. Grand Challenges… Flat applications and liquid content New social and service affordances New business and organizational patterns The new information hubs The long tail and attention (Lorcan Dempsey, Ariadne, 2006)

  34. Expand what can be searched Use context for information retrieval Integrate information spaces into everyday life Reduce data to actionable information Improve productivity through information access. (Ronald Larsen, NSF Workshop , 2003) Grand Challenges …

  35. Digital world is redefining scientific theory ‘Sixty years ago, digital computers made information readable. Twenty years ago, the Internet made it reachable. Ten years ago, the first search engine crawlers made it a single database and now Google and like-minded companies are treating this massive corpus as a laboratory of the human condition. ( Chris Anderson, 2009) It is time for us redefine (revisit) the library idea and look at libraries as information spaces seamlessly integrating formal and informal communication crossing boundaries of all kinds.

  36. Web 2.0 – Features

  37. Future Users ??? 2 billion

  38. Future Aspirations ???

  39. Reaching the Unreached through mobiles and social media • How do we help the emerging world/society/markets to benefit from the opportunities that DLs provide for inclusive growth especially education for all. How can DLs be the platform for learning and participating in the economic activities through ecommerce?

  40. The Unseen Power of Billion Hands • reCAPTCHA is a system, originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University that uses CAPTCHA to help digitize the text of books • reCAPTCHA supplies subscribing websites with images of words that optical character recognition (OCR) software has been unable to read. The system is reported to solve over 100 million captchas every day (as of October 2010)* * Wikipedia

  41. Realizing the power of billions • The reCAPTCHA program originated with Guatemalan computer scientist Luis von Ahn, who realized "he had unwittingly created a system that was frittering away, in ten-second increments, millions of hours of a most precious resource: human brain cycles."[ • Google acquired reCAPTCHA in 2009 and is using reCAPTCHA for digitizing the archives of the New York Times.Twenty years of The New York Times have been digitized and the project hopes to have the 110 other years done by the end of 2010 Google itself is an example of monetizing the billion clicks

  42. Participatory model … • One of the important focus areas for digital libraries is the preservation of cultural/ heritage materials • Here is another example of the social web strategy for the same UNESCO World Heritage Artstor

  43. Some Examples from India (Avaaj Otalo ) • Avaaj Otalo (literally, “voice stoop”) is an interactive voice application for small-scale farmers in Gujarat, India. • It is a voice-based system accessible through mobile phones • The most popular feature is asking questions and browsing others’ questions and responses on a range of agricultural topics.

  44. Some Examples (Avaaj Otalo ) • For all 51 farmers this was the first experience participating in an online community of any sort. • A lively social space with norms, • persistent moderation, and provide • for both structured interaction with institutionally sanctioned authorities and open discussion with peers • The simple menu-based navigation was readily learned, with users preferring numeric input over speech.

  45. Nokia – Ovi Life Tools • Inspired by the vision of transforming society beyond selling mobile phones, Nokia has begun a programme called Nokia-Ovi Life tools in various parts of the word including India • Targeting the 15-45 age group ( urban, semi Urban and Rural) with mobile phones, this programme is aimed at addressing the knowledge pains across four verticals – Agriculture, Education, Entertainment, and Healthcare

  46. Nokia – Ovi Life Tools Agriculture Education Bridges the Information Gaps Entertainment Healthcare

  47. Gyanpedia • Gyanpedia is an online digital content repository generated by children and teachers of rural government schools across India. • Gyanpedia-an initiative of Digital Empowerment Foundation with support from Media Lab Asia, is a Comprehensive, multilingual, dynamic virtual platform for country wide content exchange program for the learning community – children as well as teachers.

  48. Gyanpedia • Gyanpedia allows anyone with an Internet connection to download or upload any knowledge/information in any form whether word, power point, video, image etc

  49. Some Efforts at ISiM Personalized, Social Digital Libraries to support individualized learning

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