5 . SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable

1. THE ROAD TO THE CIVIL WAR • 5. SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION • Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable • Cotton Gin----Eli Whitney---1791 • South relied on cotton and slaves. • Cotton production doubles every 10 years • King Cotton 6. Southern society 7. Facts on Slavery 8. Why did the South fight a war to preserve slavery when ¾ of Southerner’s did not own slaves? • American Dream

2. 9. SOCIAL OUTCRY AGAINST SLAVERY • Rise of abolitionists----1830 to 1860 • William Lloyd Garrison • Frederick Douglass • Harriet Tubman • Harriet Beecher Stowe 10. Did slaves revolt against slavery? • Slave revolts Slave codes

3. C O T T O N P R O D U C T I O N The invention which changed the South, cotton, and slavery. 1791: 4,000 bales of cotton are produced 1849: 2, 246, 900 bales of cotton are produced 6 cents a lb. to 14 cents in 1857 Expanded into Arkansas and Texas Crop increase: 2,500,000 bales in 1850 to 5,300,000 in 1860 Crop Value: In 1800, $8 million: In 1860, $250 million Tobacco by 1860 : 200,000,000 lbs. to 430,000,000 lbs.

5. Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY • Total U.S. population was 3.5 million… • 700,000 slaves in the U.S. at this time. • Still bought slaves through the slave trade.

6. Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY • Total U.S. population was 18 million • 2 million slaves in the U.S. at this time. • 1808, importation of slaves was illegal • Slave trade within the U.S. • Increase of slave population was from natural reproduction

7. Trial of tears GROWTH OF SLAVERY 33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in the South

8. Map Crops in South GROWTH OF SLAVERY COTTON BELT, Cotton Kingdom

9. Federal SOUTHERN SOCIETY • Southern society was similar to a Feudal system that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Manorial System) • Caste system and difficult to move up the social ladder. • Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior. Plantation owners Aristocracy Upper class Owned some slaves. Achieve American Dream Middle ClassSmall farmers Owned no slaves….Hated white upper class…American Dream Poor Whites Free Blacks, 2nd class citizens No political or civil rights. Slaves---no rights, considered property

10. FACTS ON SLAVERY Conditions on a slave ship were horrible. This was called the Middle Passage. • At the Constitutional Convention • 3/5’s Compromise • 1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S. • Fugitive Slave Law • 90% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 1860 • 1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton • More money invested in slaves than land and tools---$2 billion • North looked to property as value, South’s value lay in human property

11. FACTS ON SLAVERY • More slaves you had the greater social status • 2/3’s of presidents since independence were slaveowners • Majority of Supreme Court justices were from the South

12. Facts on slavery FACTS ON SLAVERY Slaves being sold at an auction was prevalent throughout the Southern U.S. right up to the Civil War. • More millionaires in the South than the North • 75% of the cotton harvest was done by plantations with10 or more slaves. • Slave population grew from natural reproduction • There was a slave trade within the U.S.

13. Picture/Cotton Kingdom FACTS ON SLAVERY • No political or civil rights to protect slaves • U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 • U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply • Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. • Cotton is King/King Cotton • South was not willing to change • Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S. (minority?)

14. Chart/Total slaves FACTS ON SLAVERY

15. Chart: Total Deaths % OF SOUTHERN WHITE FAMILIES OWNING SLAVES IN 1860 % About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more---25% (Number of slaves) Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….

16. FACTS ON SLAVERY • Statistically only 25% of Southern families owned slaves • 384,000 Southern families owned 1 or more slaves. • 75% of Southern families did not own slaves.

17. Chart/slave owners FACTS ON SLAVERY • Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of slaves. • 75% owned 1 to 9 slaves. • 22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves. • 3% owned 50 or more slaves. • So, what the hell happened? 384,000 1860

18. SLAVE REVOLTS • Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. • 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864. • 91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone. • First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

19. SLAVE REVOLTS Stono County Rebellion • September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers they found there. • "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents. • Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution. • Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed.

20. SLAVE REVOLTS • Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. • Gabriel Prosser • Denmark Vessey • Nat Turner

21. SLAVE REVOLTS Gabriel Prosser, (1776-1800), American leader of an aborted slave uprising, whose intention was to create a free black state in Virginia. Born near Richmond, he was the son of an African mother who instilled in him the love of freedom. Inspired perhaps by the success of the black revolutionaries of Haiti, he plotted with other slaves, notably Jack Bowler, in the spring of 1800 to seize the arsenal at Richmond and kill whites. On August 30, 1800, as many as 1000 armed slaves gathered outside Richmond ready for action. A torrential downpour and thunderstorm, however, washed away a bridge vital to the insurrectionists' march; at the same time Governor James Monroe, the future president, was informed of the plot and dispatched the state militia against them. Prosser and some 35 of his young comrades were captured and hanged.

22. SLAVE REVOLTS The leader of an American slave revolt in Charleston, S.C., Denmark Vesey, b. Africa, 1767, d. July 2, 1822, had been owned by a slave-ship captain before he purchased his freedom (1800) with $600 won in a street lottery. As a freedman in Charleston, he worked at carpentry, became a leader of his church, and read antislavery literature. Determined to strike a blow against the institution that had victimized him, he devised an intricate conspiracy for an uprising in Charleston and vicinity during the summer of 1822.Informers divulged the plot, however, and 35 blacks, including Vesey, were executed.

23. SLAVE REVOLTS Nat Turner Rebellion Nat Turner, a slave owned by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia, believed that he had been chosen by God to lead a slave rebellion. On 21st August, 1831, Turner and seven fellow slaves, murdered Travis and his family. Over the next two days and nights, Turner's band killed around 60 white people in Virginia. Turner had hoped that this action would cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state militia were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and they were soon defeated. In retaliation, more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed. Turner went into hiding but was captured six weeks later. Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831.

24. SLAVE REVOLTS Arrest of Nat Turner Tree Nat Turner was hung on Nat Turner Rebellion

25. Slave Revolts SLAVE REVOLTS

26. SLAVE REVOLTS • Besides slave revolts, slaves resorted to other ways to revolt….. • Wouldn’t work hard. • Would sabotage equipment or break tools. • Sometimes poisoned their master’s food. • Tried to escape • They controlled their labor; they were not “Sambo”

27. SLAVE CODES AND LAWS • Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of the slaves. • Slaves were not taught to read or write • Restricted to the plantation • Slaves could not congregate after dark • Slaves could not possess any type of firearm • A larger slave plantation than white in some states • Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and wanting to escape.

28. FACTS ON SLAVERY % of White to Black Population in 1860

29. SLAVE CODES OR LAWS Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848 SEC. I. CAPITAL OFFENSES. 1. Capital crimes when punished with death. The following shall be considered as capital offences, when committed by a slave or free person of color: insurrection, or an attempt to excite it; committing a rape, or attempting it on a free white female; murder of a free white person, or murder of a slave or free person of color, or poisoning of a human being; every and each of these offences shall, on conviction, be punished with death.

30. Slave Laws SLAVE LAWS Georgia Slave Code, 1848 2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves. If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing away any slave or slaves, for the purpose of, and with the intention to aid and assist such slave or slaves leaving the service of his or their owner or owners, or in going to another state, such person so offending shall, for each and every such offence, on conviction, be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for one year.

31. SLAVE LAWS Georgia Slave Code, 1848 3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color to read. If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teach any other slave, Negro, or free person of color, to read or write either written or printed characters, the said free person of color or slave shall be punished by fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of the court.

32. ARGUMENTS FOR SLAVERY • Economically profitable • Slavery was in the Bible • Duty of Southerners to Christianize the slaves, Positive Good • Provided a better life for slaves than in Africa, Positive Good • 5thAmendment legalized and protected slavery because slaves were considered property. • Trump Card: slavery meant that poor whites weren’t the lowest on the totem pole

33. Abolitionists ABOLITIONIST ARGUMENTS • Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral…..Peculiar institution or it is odd, strange or weird to own another human being. • Abolitionists argued slavery was immoral because it violated the ideals that this country was founded on. • All men are created equal (Dec. of Indep.) • If the U.S. was to succeed as a democratic society, slavery had to be abolished

34. ABOLITIONISTS • Through his newspaper, The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison spoke out against slavery and for the rights of black Americans for 35 years. The tone of the paper was established in the first issue of the paper with Garrison's editorial entitled, "To the Public,” • “On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; -- but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD”. Garrison, a leader among American abolitionists, delivered his views with great conviction, as well as great foresight. "Posterity," he concluded in the editorial, "will bear testimony that I was right

35. Picture/Douglass ABOLITIONISTS • Escaped slave in 1838 • Mother was a slave and father was white • Great speaker against slavery • Bought his freedom for $600.00 • Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass • Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper • Friends with Garrison • Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass. (Civil War) Frederick Douglas

36. Picture/Tubman ABOLITIONISTS • Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people. • Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South during the 1850’s. • $40,000 bounty was placed on her head • Conductor of the Underground Railroad • Supplied money from abolitionists.

37. Map/Underground RR

38. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • Fugitive Slave Law was made law at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 as a compromise between the North/South. • Any escaped slaves captured in the North or free state had to be returned to their plantation owner. • Unpopular in the North and led to the creation of the Underground Railroad. • Southerners became bitter towards the North because they refused to enforce it.

39. FOLLOW THE DRINKING GOURD Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The riverbank will make a very good road, The dead trees show you the way, Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The river ends between two hills, Follow the drinking gourd, There’s another river on the other side, Follow the drinking gourd. Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd Where the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd, The old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd. Drinking Gourd

40. Picture/Stowe ABOLITIONISTS • Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin – “So, you’re the little lady who caused this war.” • Book was used as propaganda to show the inhumanity of slavery. • Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.

41. ABOLITIONISTS • Abolitionist and transcendentalist • Refused to pay a tax and spent a night in jail because the tax supported a war that was fought for slavery • Mexican War • Believer in Civil Disobedience or passive resistance---protest with non-violent actions • Spent a night in jail over the Mexican War…. Nice beard, Thoreau!

42. It All Builds Up, Until Kablooey!