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Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA

CMarZ General Introduction. Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA and L.P. Madin – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., USA. CMarZ Symposium and Steering Group Meeting Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan November 6, 2006.

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Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA

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  1. CMarZ General Introduction Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA and L.P. Madin – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., USA CMarZ Symposium and Steering Group Meeting Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan November 6, 2006

  2. Census of Marine Life in Broad View

  3. CoML International Scientific Steering Committee • J. Frederick Grassle (Chair), Rutgers University, USA • Victor Ariel Gallardo (Vice Chair), COPAS, Chile • Vera Alexander, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA • D. James Baker, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, USA • D. Chandramohan, National Inst. Oceanography, India • David Farmer, University of Rhode Island, USA • Carlo Heip, Netherlands Inst. Ecology, Netherlands • Poul Holm, S Denmark University, Denmark • Ian Poiner, AIMS, Australia • Yoshihisa Shirayama, Kyoto University, Japan •Myriam Sibuet, Ifremer, France • Michael Sinclair, BIO, Canada •Sun Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China • Meryl J. Williams, CGIAR, Australia/Malaysia

  4. CoML Ocean Realm Field Projects Human Edges - Natural Geography in Shore Areas – NaGISA - Gulf of Maine Area Program – GOMA Hidden Boundaries - Abyssal Marine Life – CeDAMar Central Waters - Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking – POST - Tagging of Pacific Pelagics – TOPP - Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems – MAR-ECO Active Geology - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems – ChEss Regions & Habitats - Arctic Ocean Diversity – ArcOD - Life on Seamounts – CenSeam - Coral Reef Ecosystems – CREEFS - Continental Margin Ecosystems – CoMargE - Census of Antarctic Marine Life – CAML Global Surveys - Census of Marine Microbes – ICOMM - Census of Marine Zooplankton - CMarZ

  5. CMarZ Organization Principal Investigators Ann Bucklin – Univ. Connecticut, USA Shuhei Nishida – ORI, Univ. Tokyo, Japan Sigrid Schiel – Alfred Wegener Inst., Germany Project / Office Managers Robert Jennings, CMarZ – USA Ryuji Machida, CMarZ – Asia Astrid Cornils, CMarZ – Europe Data Management / Communications Peter Wiebe – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst, USA Bob Groman & Dicky Allison, CMarZ Database Nancy Copley, Communications Coordinator Steering Group Project leadership, coordination, and representation; 22 members from 15 countries. CMarZ Network Expert taxonomists, ecologists, students, and interested colleagues; 50 members. Rob Jennings Ryuji Machida Astrid Cornils Nancy Copley

  6. CMarZ Overarching Question* WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS OF ZOOPLANKTON BIODIVERSITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD OCEAN, AND HOW ARE THEY GENERATED AND MAINTAINED? *CMarZ (2004) Science Plan for the Census of Marine Zooplankton. Unpublished report from a Census of Marine Life workshop held 17-22 March 2004 in Portsmouth NH, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

  7. The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable HMS Challenger cruise track Global patterns of pelagic biodiversity known from decades of work by oceanographers, ecologists, and taxonomists. HMS Challenger (1872 – 1876): earliest attempt to record global patterns of biological, chemical, and physical properties in the ocean. Longhurst (1998): biogeographical patterns suggest environmental factors play major role in structuring biodiversity patterns at large scales. Longhurst, 1998

  8. The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable • Cryptic mt16S rRNA lineages of Rhincalanus nasutus. Goetze, 2003 “What species are present? What are the main patterns of species distribution and abundance? What maintains the shape of these patterns? How and why did the patterns develop?” McGowan (1971) How many species are there? How many new species will be found? Will most new species be found in biodiversity hotspots and unexplored regions? Are there cryptic species within cosmopolitan and circumglobal species?

  9. The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable Completeness of knowledge will be an enduring challenge, because of the huge spatial dimensions of global ocean make an enduring challenge, despite technological advances. Synoptic top-to-bottom and pole-to-pole view of the world ocean may never be possible within time frames of environmental variability – as short as minutes. Accuracy of a global view of zooplankton species diversity is limited by fragmented effort by expert taxonomists scattered throughout the world.

  10. CMarZ Goals for 2010 • To complete a taxonomically comprehensive, global-scale census of marine zooplankton; • To produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, and biogeographical distribution; • To analyze the ~6,800 described species – and likely discover at least this many new species – of marine metazoan and protozoan zooplankton.

  11. Baseline Information for Zooplankton of the World Ocean

  12. CMarZ Approaches Sampling the global ocean • Ecosystem biodiversity surveys in hotspots • Cruises of opportunity & transit legs Analysis of samples • Use of existing plankton samples • Recovery and use of existing data • Development of new sampling and analysis technology & tools • DNA barcoding and molecular protocols • Data management, analysis and visualization Education & outreach • Increase taxonomic expertise • Graduate training • Public appreciation • School teachers, students & curriculum

  13. 2004-2006 Cooperating Projects During 2004 – 2006, more than 30 CMarZ cooperating projects were launched, contributing to the global survey of zooplankton diversity. Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of samples is coordinated across the CMarZ Network.

  14. Use of Existing Samples and Data Archived oceanographic collections are providing resources for analysis of the biodiversity of the pelagic realm. CMarZ “data recovery” projects are ongoing in Argentina, Germany, India, and Japan. Samples from R/V Hakuho Maru, 1967-1982. archived at ORI, Univ. Tokyo, Japan. ~118,000 samples archived at the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA).

  15. CMarZ Outreach & Education CMarZ Taxonomic Workshops: Over 100 participants during 2004 – 2006. Graduate/professional training: International exchanges; one-on-one training. Secondary school teachers and students: workshops for teachers; NOAA Teacher-at-Sea program. Public education: CMarZ website and Species Pages build appreciation and knowledge of marine biodiversity. Media interest: CoML press events; CMarZ / NOAA cruise led by Peter Wiebe yielded > 100 articles in 25 countries and 10 languages. CMarZ Training Course, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños, Dec. 2004 NOAA Teacher-at-Sea Joe Catron, April 2006 Rosamma Stephen at AWI, July 2006

  16. Web Site at www.CMarZ.org

  17. CMarZ Standard Protocols Local and regional surveys must be comparable to yield a global survey. Protocols and procedures must be standardized for: • Net style and deployment • Sample collection • Sample splitting & preservation - Ethanol / genetics - Formalin / taxonomy - Freezing / molecular • Metadata & sample labeling • Shipping • DNA barcoding

  18. Barcoding Zooplankton • Barcoding is deriving short DNA sequence(s) that enable species identification or recognition. • For animals, focus to date is a 658 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) • Zooplankton will test barcode protocols, since 15 animal phyla are represented. • DNA is particularly useful to study animal plankton, because - organisms are rare, fragile, and/or small; - species are widespread or circumglobal; - DNA-based detection protocols will speed sample analysis.

  19. Contributions to CoML Legacies • Sustained, dynamic OBIS with CMarZ data and information, data management software, dynamically-assembled Species Pages • Proven technologies: DNA barcodes • Public interest in marine life through photographs and press coverage, • Taxonomic and barcoding centers of excellence in developing countries • New generation of oceanographers; new taxonomic capacity • Practical applications: indicators of ecosystem health, tools for ocean observing, baseline biodiversity assessments, marine invasions

  20. Brief History of CMarZ 2004 - 2006 • Mar 2004 – Planning workshop in Portsmouth, NH • Aug 2004 – CMarZ Science Plan distributed • Oct 2004 – CMarZ funded by Sloan Foundation; CMarZ-USA Project Office established • Jan 2005 – Cooperating projects launched • Mar 2005 – www.CMarZ.org website online • Apr 2005 – CMarZ-Asia and CMarZ-Europe Project Offices established • May 2005 – Steering Group members added from China, India, and New Zealand • Jun 2005 – 1st CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Bremerhaven, Germany • Oct 2006 – CMarZ Sloan funding renewed for 3 years • Nov 2006 – 2nd CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Tokyo, Japan

  21. CMarZ Challenges for 2006 - 2010 • Review project goals and assess our progress • Prepare for CoML 2007 Interim Report • Meet CoML/CMarZ milestones for: - OBIS data submission rates - sample and data analysis - species discovery and description - publication • Work toward CoML synthesis • Contribute to CoML legacies • Secure funding for science (~$15M over 5 years) • Maintain partnerships: - other CoML field projects - Consortium for Barcode of Life (CBOL) - SCOR Technology Panel

  22. Acknowledgements CMarZ Steering Group Members Demetrio Boltovskoy (Arg.) Janet Bradford-Grieve (NZ) Ann Bucklin (USA) Colomban de Vargas (France) Ruben Escribano (Chile) Steven Haddock (USA) Steve Hay (UK) Russell R. Hopcroft (USA) Ahmet Kideys (Turkey) Laurence P. Madin (USA) Webjørn Melle (Norway) Vijayalakshmi Nair (India) Shuhei Nishida (Japan) Mark D. Ohman (USA) Francesc Pagés (Spain) Annelies Pierrot-Bults (Netherlands) Chris Reid (UK) Sigrid Schiel (Germany) Sun Song (China) Erik Thuesen (USA) Hans Verheye (South Africa) Peter Wiebe (USA) CoML Zooplankton Workshop Portsmouth, NH USA, March 2004

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