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CSCW & Groupware

CSCW & Groupware. Computer Supported Cooperative Work 490 F Autumn 2006. Background. CSCW grew from discontent with single user HCI methods applied to multi-user technologies and settings Focus on Workplace activity Understanding nature of collaborative tasks

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CSCW & Groupware

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  1. CSCW & Groupware Computer Supported Cooperative Work 490 F Autumn 2006

  2. Background • CSCW grew from discontent with single user HCI methods applied to multi-user technologies and settings • Focus on • Workplace activity • Understanding nature of collaborative tasks • Co-evolution of technologies and communities • Early apps • CAD, computer integrated manufacturing, computer aided software engineering, office automation

  3. What is CSCW? • Work is a social activity • People and their activities are integral to design of technology • Workers may have social proximity despite physical/temporal distance. • The water cooler effect.

  4. CSCW focuses on people working with others Community Organization Project teams Small groups Individuals CSCW HCI traditional HCI

  5. Related Fields • Behavioural Science • Social psychology • Organizational science • Anthropology • Sociology • Computer Science • Distributed computing • Networking • User interface/visualization • Mobile & wireless • Telecommunications • Telephony • video

  6. Related methods Involve users! • User Centered Design • Focus on user at the interface • Management Studies • Focus on decision making • Contextual Analysis and Design • Interviews in work settings • Participatory Design • Have the user be a designer • Anthropology/Ethnography • Long term study of groups/organizations

  7. Face to Face communication • Personal Space • Eye contact and gaze • Can convey interest, confusion, boredom • Gestures and body language • Back channels, confirmation, interruption • Back channels = nods, shrugs, small noises • Turn Taking • Ums, ahs, pauses • What happens when these channels are unavailable?

  8. Face to Face vs CMI Communication Face to Face Coordination Information Computer mediated interaction Communication Coordination Information

  9. Beyond Being There • What are some advantages of computer mediated collaboration over face to face?

  10. Dimensions of Cooperation Location Time What are some examples of applications in these areas?

  11. Dimensions of Cooperation Location Time What are some examples of applications in these areas?

  12. Location Time Where would google documents fit?

  13. Activity Spectrum Awareness Shared Experience Loosely coupled activity Social Activities Informal Interactions Locating Colleagues Office Sharing Meetings Focused work tasks Highly interactive activity

  14. Organizational Issues • Who benefits? • Free rider problem • Critical mass • Changing power structures Benefits of use Cost of use Number of users Critical Mass

  15. Other issues • Reciprocity / Symmetry • If you do work for a system, you should get some benefit • Fitting in with organizational structure and values • Flexibility • Cost • Setup • Maintenance

  16. Granularity Network system with locking Large Small Chunk size Shared editor Frequent Infrequent Update

  17. Groupware systems • Email • Videoconferencing • Lotus Notes • Bulletin Boards • Google Documents • …

  18. Email • Where does it fit? • Why is it successful? Where has it failed? Place/Space Time

  19. Videoconferencing • Where does it fit? • Why isn’t it more popular? Place/Space Time

  20. Videoconferencing • What are the difficulties? • How has it failed? • How has it succeeded? • How could it be improved? • Clearboard/Teamworkstation (Ishii et al) • VideoWhiteboard (Tang et al)

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