ELTIS Training on Environmental Zones Krakow 2009

1. ELTIS Training on Environmental Zones Krakow 2009 Mathias Winter, TU Dresden, Verkehrsökologie, D- 01062 Dresden matthias.winter@tu-dresden.de TU DRESDEN Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsökologie

2. Environmental zones • Workflow of this part: • Definition • Legal context • Main pollutants • Environmental zones • Status in Europe • Examples • Planning and assessing EZ • Lessons learnt

3. Definition • spatial (and temporal) traffic restriction measures, • entry permissible to vehicles: Environmental zones – definition of the topic • fulfilling pre-defined emission standards, • of defined age, • that belong to defined vehicle categories (weight, length), • that utilise a given loading capacity (% of max. load). Combinations of these criteria are common.

4. Intention: usually to reduce the negative environmental effects of road traffic as a main cause of urban air pollution and noise. • Display/ signage: additional sign indicting which vehicles are effected / exempted from the driving ban. • Alternative terms: • Low emission zones (LEZ) (e.g. GE; IT, SE) • Green zones, clear zones (e.g. GB, London) • (Vehicle) access restriction zones (e.g. CZ) Environmental zones – definition of the topic

5. Criteria for air quality assessment in Europe and air quality limit values were defined in “air quality framework directive” (directive 99/30/EC) and its daughter directives • Directive 1999/30/EC addressing SO2, NO2 / NOX, PM10 and lead • Directive 2000/69/EC addressing CO and benzene • Directive 2002/3/EC regulates ozone concentration in ambient air. Environmental zones – the context Replacement of these directives with directive 2008/50/EC on May 21th 2008.

6. Aims of the directives: • definition of targets for air quality • reduction ore avoidance of negative impacts on health and environment • consistent assessment of air quality in the member states • to rise awareness by establishing threshold values • increase of air quality if not satisfying Environmental zones – the context Most relevant emissions in ambient air of developed countries: PM10; PM2,5 (1); NO2, Ozone; (SO2)

7. Selected limit- and target values to protect human health component type of limit average for threshold tolerable number of originally to be possible value concentration limit value obeyed until extension of [µg/m³] exciedances deadline until 35 x / a fine particles limit value 24 h 50 2005 2011 (90.41- percentile) (PM ) 10 limit value 1 year 40 -- 2005 2011 fine particles target value 1 year 25 -- 2010 limit value 1 year 25 -- 2015 (PM ) 2,5 guideline value 1 year 20 -- 2020 obligation** gliding 20 -- 2015 regarding annual Average average Exposure over 3 years Indicator (AEI)* nitrogen dioxide limit value 1 h 200 18 x / a 2010 2015 (99.8- percentile) NO 2 limit value 1 year 40 -- 2010 2015 2008/50/EG following the new air quality directive of May 21th 2008 * AEI - Average Exposure Indicator- to be measured for urban background und als Mittelwerte für Gebiete und Ballungsräumen des gesamten Hoheitsgebiets eines Mitgliedstaats (aus Berlin 3 Messpunkte) ermittelt. Letztendlich gibt er die durchschnittliche Exposition von PM für die 2,5 Bevölkerung in Deutschland an. ** Die Einhaltung des absoluten AEI-Schwellenwertes von 20 µg/m³ ist rechtlich bindend. Gleichzeitig wurde ein rechtlich nicht bindendes nationales Ziel für eine prozentuale Minderung des AEI-Indikators festgelegt, das ausgehend vom Niveau der Jahre 2008-2010 einen bis zu 20%- igen Rückgang der Expositionskonzentration bis 2020 vorsieht. Environmental zones – the context

8. In case of limit value accedence's municipalities are obliged to set up: • short term action plans or • medium and long term clean air plans, • Measures described in those plans need to be adequate to reduce pollution. Environmental zones – the context The air quality directive targets all pollution sources not transport in particular!

9. Possible measures vary considerably with regard to: • effectiveness, • costs, • political feasibility, • temporal and spatial scales. Environmental zones – the context Ideally, an optimal combination of short and long term actions should be implemented, aiming at both the short term reduction of overall air pollutant emissions and the long term improvement of air quality in areas where limit values are exceeded.

10. Low Emission Zones Environmental zones – the context • Categories of possible measures in the transport sector: • measures to reduce IMT demand, • traffic management measures • infrastructure measures • vehicle-related measures • awareness rising and education

11. Traffic restrictions can be rather effective measures. Their temporal and spatial extent can be defined by the municipalities by means of the set up clean air plans. Environmental zones – the context Legal framework and responsibilities vary considerably within the EU member states.

12. Most current environmental zones target PM10. Environmental zones – status and future developments • Further key pollutants to be covered: • PM 2,5 (target value 2010,limit value 2015) • nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (limit value 2010) • ozone • (sulphur dioxide (SO2)) • noise !!!

13. Key pollutants & environmental and health effects

14. Road accidents (only Germany) • 5.800 killed people in 2006 • 1. Diesel particles (only Germany) • 8.000 - 17.000 cardiopulmonary • 1.100 - 2.200 lung cancer ---------------------------------------------- • 9.000 – 19.000 premature deaths • (9 years of lifetime per affected person lost) • 2. Transport related noise (only Germany) • ca. 20.000 premature deaths Environmental zones – excursus urban key pollutants

15. Particles

16. Particles: • sum parameter, • complex physico-chemical mixture, • consists of primary emitted and secondary formulated particles (main share) Excursus urban key pollutants- particles Air quality limit values and today's emission limits concern mass of particles. Health effects correlate with surface and particle number!

17. Health effects correlate with surface are and particle number! Excursus urban key pollutants- particles [Atmospheric Environment, Volume 12, Withbby K.]

18. Particles: • shorten life expectancy and • increase the number of premature deaths, • increase hospital admission and • increase emergency room visits. Excursus urban key pollutants- particles Particularly dangerous is the fine fraction, that includes particles with a diameter up to 2.5 μm (PM2.5), as it penetrates more deeply into the lungs. Both fine and ultrafine particles contribute to the observed health effects. Pathways for health effects depend on structure, chemical composition and particle size.

19. Number per mass unit Diameter Sink rate in Surface per mass unit Hair (thin) PM10 hair 10 μm Diesel particle (average size) diesel particle 100 nm [A. Mayer; TTM Technik Thermische Maschinen, CH] Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

20. sources of particle formulation natural sources anthropogenic sources combustion processes wind transport agriculture/ mining volcanic activity sea spray biogenic sources transformation of gaseous emissions industrial processes natural background Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

21. transport related particles fuel combustion/ thermal processes abrasion resuspension ash particles primary secondary sooth particles condensates Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

22. industry and power plants 5% heating and solvents 6% transport exhaust emissions 42% (share diesel 95%) other sources 10% transport abrasion and resuspension 38% Share of particle sources at a road side gauging station Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

23. spatial reference country city street rest rest rest 17% - 32% 35% - 55% 50% - 85% transport related PM10 – emissions including abrasion and resuspension Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

24. Premature death inEurope due to fine particles: • >100.000 • 725.000 years of life lost [Health report WHO 2002] Excursus urban key pollutants- particles

25. Nitrogen dioxide

26. Nitrogen dioxide • sources: • high temperature processes (fuel combustion) • catalytic reactions (diesel oxidation catalyst, catalytic coated DPT) • near ground ozone depletion • main source is road transport Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide • rising share in diesel exhaust gas emissions (OC, DPT) • no separate emissions limit value (included in NOx) • rising concentration in ambient air • NO2 is a strong irritant for all mucosa's and tissues (e.g. lung)

27. Assessment of nitrogen dioxide Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide New limit value to be abode by 2010!

28. Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.] Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors HDV and buses

29. Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.] Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors passenger cars

30. Environmental zones

31. Restricting criteria used in praxis: • demands on the age of the vehicle combined with a weight limits (Stockholm, SE) • demands on utilization of loading capacity for vehicles with a weight over a special limit (Amsterdam, DK) • vehicles with a weight (or length) over a special limit (Copenhagen, DK) Environmental zones – restriction criteria • reduced accessibility for traffic (closure of streets for traffic (pedestrian zones), limited entry points to a certain area)(Sucaeva, RO; London, UK) • access control to defined area during a special time of the day (Madrid, ES) • emission level of the vehicle ((particle) emission badge) (Berlin, GE) Source: http://213.131.156.10/xpo/bilagor/20030509053222.pdf

32. Environmental zones – current status in Europe [http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/ ]

33. Environmental zones – current status in Europe

34. Example Berlin

35. Method: (particle) emission badge Introduction: January 1st 2008 Affected area: 88 km2 Inhabitants: 1’000’000 (3.4 Mio.) Affected vehicle: all vehicles Restriction: appropriate emission badge (2009 r,j,g) (2010 green) Authorisation: emission badge Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE • Exceptions for vehicles (1 a) with: • service vehicle (German law) • approved exhaust control • special bodywork, low milage • handicapped people • Control system: • police • fine/ towing vehicles out of zone • Information: • brochures, media, internet Source: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/umweltzone_allgemeines.shtml#top genauere Karten: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/download/Umweltzone_Beikarten_1-10_druck.pdf

36. Emission group 1 2 3 4 badge/ sticker no badge requirements for Euro 1 or Euro 2 or Euro 3 or Euro 4 or diesel vehicles worse Euro 1 + Euro 2 + DPT Euro 3 + DPT DPT requirements for without with controlled gasoline vehicles controled catalyst (Euro 1 or catalyst better) (particle) emission badge Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE • Germany: standardised government regulations for driving bans • four emission standard classes (marking by according badges)

37. Results: • reduction of traffic volume? Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

38. LEZ passenger cars LEZ vehicles with emission badge duty vehicles (HDV+LDV) • Results: • no significant reduction of traffic volume • no shifts of traffic • avoidance of traffic (whole city) • changes in vehicle fleet? Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

39. vehicles without emission badge passenger cars duty vehicles (HDV+LDV) • Results: • no significant reduction of traffic volume • no shifts of traffic • avoidance of traffic (whole city) • significant changes in vehicle fleet Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

40. diesel particles NOx -14% -24% • Results: • no significant reduction of traffic volume • no shifts of traffic • avoidance of traffic (whole city) • significant changes in vehicle fleet • changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

41. Results: • no significant reduction of traffic volume • no shifts of traffic • avoidance of traffic (whole city) • significant changes in vehicle fleet • changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions • improvements of air quality Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE • PM10 • annual average -3% • local PM emissions 8% • -4 days of limit value exceedance • NOx • annual average -10% • NO2 • no reductions (probably increase)

42. Example Copenhagen

43. Method: % of utilised maximum loading capacity Area: inner city centre 1km2 Inhabitants: 6’000 (1’153’615) Costs: 27’000 Euro Affected vehicle: HDV >2.5 t (3500 per day) Restriction: (loading and unloading) Monday – Friday 8 pm – 12 pm Min. 60% utilised loading capacity Environmental zones – example Copenhagen, DK • Authorisation: • green City Goods certification • Control system, fines: • police • parking fine 510 DKR • withdraw of certificate • Information: • newsletter to transport association, letter to inhabitants, magazine article, meetings, internet, information plate at perking meters… Source:http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/wcm/ERMES/Canali/trasporti/logistica_merci/pubblicazione_44_2005_quadreni_vol7/City_Ports_vol7_ingl.pdf

44. Example London

45. Method: Restriction by vehicle emission levels Affected area:most of Greater London (>1500 km2) Affected vehicle: HDV, buses, coaches, LDV, vans, minibuses Restriction: 2008 EURO III, 2012 EURO IV 2010 vans, minibuses EURO III Environmental zones – example London, UK • Authorisation: • registration in vehicle register • Charge for non compliant vehicles: • £200/day (HGV, buses, coaches) • £100/day (vans and minibuses) • Enforcement (Penalty Charge): • £1,000 (HDV, buses & coaches) • £500 (LDVs & minibuses) • Control system: • camera detection and checks against register Source: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/german.aspx

46. Environmental zones – example London, UK Source: Transport for London, Steve Kearns

47. Planning and assessing environmental zones

48. spatial planning • Main factors influencing transport emissions: • number of emitting individuals • number of motorised trips per individual and time unit • trips’ length (factor three) • the vehicles’ capacity utilisation (factor four) • (specific) emissions per vehicle kilometer awareness risingand publicity prise signals technology avoidance of traffic technical measures • Tautology of transport ecology: • pragmatically approach to assess transport related emissions • combination of transport related key factors • result shows e.g. mass of emissionx per time unit • specifies 4 (5) main fields of action to reduce transport’s environmental effects Environmental zones – fundamentals

49. The efficiency of environmental zones is mainly defined by: • their spatial extend, • their positioning in the transport network Environmental zones – determining factors • number, mileage and emission level of effected vehicles, • number and type of exceptions, • applied control and enforcement and • accompanying measures.

50. Environmental zones – implementation steps Steps to ensure successful implementation