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FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS & SYSTEMS

FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS & SYSTEMS. D. Anton , D. Mosher, W. Lohstroh, M. Fichtner, N. Kuriyama, E. Akiba, R. Chahine, D. Dedrick. Hydrogen Storage. Compressed H 2 Gas 5-10 ksi pressures in graphite fiber reinforced epoxy composite tanks

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FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS & SYSTEMS

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  1. FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS & SYSTEMS D. Anton, D. Mosher, W. Lohstroh, M. Fichtner, N. Kuriyama, E. Akiba, R. Chahine, D. Dedrick

  2. Hydrogen Storage • Compressed H2 Gas • 5-10 ksi pressures in graphite fiber reinforced epoxy composite tanks • Cryogenic Liquid H2 • Ambient pressure ultra-insulated containers with bleed off device • Compressed/Cryogenic H2 • Cryogenic Liquid H2 in a high pressure tank to minimize boil-off • Adsorption • Utilizes physisorption on ultra-high surface area species. Currently used at LN2 temperatures. • Absorption • Utilizes chemisorption in metal, organic or complex compounds

  3. Metal Hydrides LaNi5H6 LaNi5 + 3H2 Mg2NiH4 Mg2Ni + 2H2 Complex Metal Hydrides NaAlH41/3Na3AlH6 + 2/3Al + H2 NaH + Al + 3H2 Destabilized Complex Metal Hydrides 2LiBH4 + MgH2 2LiH + MgB + 4H2 8LiH + 3Mg(NH2)2 Mg3N2 + 4Li2NH + 8H2 Chemical Hydrides NH3BH3 BiNjHk + xH2 AlH3 Al + 3/2H2 Typical Chemisorption Reactions

  4. US-DoE Technical Targets

  5. Objective To fundamentally understand the safety issues regarding solid state hydrogen storage systems through: • Development & implementation of internationally recognized standard testing techniques to quantitatively evaluate both materials and systems. • Determine the fundamental thermodynamics & chemicalkinetics of environmental reactivity of hydrides. • Develop amelioration methods and systems to mitigate the risks of using these systems to acceptable levels.

  6. Task 1: Standard Tests DOT/UN Doc., Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, 3rd Revised Ed., ISBN 92-1-139068-0, (1999). • Flammability • Flammability Test • Spontaneous Ignition • Burn Rate • Water Contact • Immersion • Surface Exposure • Water Drop • Water Injection • Mechanical • Impact • Expansion • Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts(ASTM E1226) • Pmax & (dP/Dt)max • Min. Exp. Conc. • Min. Ignition Energy • Min. Ignition Temp. • Min. Dust Layer Ignition Temp.

  7. Task 2: Thermodynamics & Chemical Kinetics Quantitative studies will be performed to understand the chemical kinetics and thermo-chemical release of these reactions with air, oxygen and water as both liquid and vapor as a function of temperature.

  8. Task 3: Risk Mitigation System risk analyses will be performed and methods of mitigating these risks including exposure to air and humidity will be investigated. No Mitigation With Mitigation

  9. Task 4: Prototype System Testing Evaluation tests on risk mitigations strategies will be performed on sub-scale prototype storage systems to validate their efficacy.

  10. NaAlH4+2%TiCl3 LiH+MgNH2 Mg2NiH4 LaNi5H6 2LiBH4+MgH2 NH3BH3 Activated Carbon AlH3 Materials Test Plan Materials Prep Plan • Use Particle Size & Packing • Discharge State • Fully Charged • Partially Discharged • Fully Discharged

  11. 316 SS liner One end closed carbon fiber composite containment Rated to 1500psi 316 SS tubing for ParaTherm MR oil 4% dense aluminum foam with 50% dense Ti catalyzed NaAlH4 powder 316 sintered SS filter 316 SS end closure to facilitate loading and inspection UTC 1st Prototype 1kg H2 Storage System

  12. Burn Rate Test Partially Discharged CCH#0-33 0 sec. 2.97 6.90 11.09

  13. Water Drop Test Partially Discharged CCH#0-33 0 sec. 0.11 0.12 0.15

  14. Water Drip Partially Discharged CCH#0-33 0.14 0 sec. 0.17 30.03

  15. Flammability Test Results (DOT/UN)Class 4.3,Packing Group II

  16. Air Exposure Test Partially Discharged CCH#0-33 0:00 min. 24:05 80oC 25:10 smoke observed 26:55 fire 34:15 max fire

  17. Gasoline Burn Rate 0.03 0 sec. 0.88 0.75

  18. Dust Explosion Test Results(ASTM E1226, E1515, E2019 & E1491) Pmax = maximum explosion pressure, Rmax = pressure rise maximum, Kst = maximum scaled rate of pressure rise, MEC = minimum explosive concentration, MEI = minimum spark ignition energy, Tc = minimum dust cloud ignition temperature

  19. Communication A WEB site will be established to communicate finding and results to the general public as expeditiously as possible.

  20. Conclusion • The risks associated with manufacturing, handling, utilization and disposal of solid state hydrides needs to be quantitatively identified. • A thorough risk assessment of solid state hydrogen storage materials and systems needs to be performed. • Engineering risk mitigations strategies need to be identified and tested to bring the risks to tolerable levels for commercial application.

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