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Defeat and occupation, 1945-1949

Defeat and occupation, 1945-1949. Week 15, February 3. German destruction of Murmansk, 1943 ( Yevgeny Khaldei ). Germans losing the war. Battle of Kursk, summer 1943, last German offensive in the East  Jews and other victims locked in the continent  killing went on until May 1945

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Defeat and occupation, 1945-1949

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  1. Defeat and occupation, 1945-1949 Week 15, February 3

  2. German destruction of Murmansk, 1943 (YevgenyKhaldei)

  3. Germans losing the war • Battle of Kursk, summer 1943, last German offensive in the East  Jews and other victims locked in the continent  killing went on until May 1945 • D-Day, Allied landing in Normandy on June 6, 1944 • Warsaw uprising, August 1944 • Operation Market Garden, Sep 1944: “a bridge too far” • SeelowerHöhen/Battle of Seelow Heights, April 45 • Torgau: Americans meet Soviets at the Elbe • May 8: German capitulation

  4. Torgau, April 25, 1945

  5. Soviet flag over the Reichstag (YevgenyKhaldei)

  6. Destruction of Berlin http://www.tcm.com/mediaroom/video/288915/Foreign-Affair-A-Movie-Clip-One-Thing-At-A-Time.html (A Foreign Affair, dir. Billy Wilder, 1948)

  7. Population losses 4 mio casualties in Germany (borders of 1937) 0,5 mio civilians 70% Berlin houses destroyed 50% of city housing destroyed 9,5 mio German refugees in camps 1945, 20 mio had their accommodation destroyed 1,9 mio assaults (estimated nr) between March and Nov 1945 16 mio dead in the Soviet union, 8,6 mio soldiers  many more civilians killed, far larger casualties

  8. Allied soldiers’ sexual assaults

  9. Four zones of occupied Germany

  10. Four zones in Berlin

  11. Nuremberg trials

  12. Nuremberg trials • Allied trial on major war criminals • Criminal organizations: SS, NSDAP, SA, SD, Gestapo, leaders of the NSDAP • subsequent trials: among others doctors’ trials: euthanasia and human experiments • birth of international criminal law • The trials lesson about punishment and democracy as a pedagogic experiment for Germans; new way of confronting war violence. US influence on Europe • Challenged the view that retroactive law is impossible and destroyed the ideas of relativism. “Murder is always murder” • established the centrality of guilt in Germany and brought forward the idea of desk perpetrator • Skepticism of many Germans against “victors’ justice”

  13. (New) political parties • CDU/CSU – social conservative Christian party • FDP -- liberals • SED (merged SPD and KPD in the East Germany) • SPD in West Germany • System of large parties, unlike Weimar

  14. Trümmerfrauen (rubble women)

  15. Iron Curtain

  16. Berlin blockade: Raisin bomber

  17. New lands

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