1930, Nazis win 107 seats in the Reichstag July 1932 Nazis win 230 seats

1. 1930, Nazis win 107 seats in the Reichstag July 1932 Nazis win 230 seats Nov. 1932 Nazis win 196 seats

2. Communists also gaining votes Communist leader was Ernst Thalmann Seats in the Reichstag 77 in 1928 89 in July 1932 100 in November 1932

3. Hitler becomes chancellor on January 30, 1933

4. Germany--Totalitarian State • New laws banning strikes • No labor unions • Governmental control over business and labor

5. Hitler • Wanted control of all aspects of life in Germany: press radio literature = propaganda

6. Germany Re-arms • 1934 Hitler begins secretly to rearm Germany • 1935 announces publicly that Germany is rearming • Britain and France protest, but take no action

7. March 1936: Hitler marches into the Rhineland • Hitler gambles that France won’t act on violation of Versailles Treaty • "If France had then marched into the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs." - Hitler

8. March 1938-Anschluss Germany annexes Austria

9. Authoritarian regimes rise around the world Japan-military takes over 1930s invades Manchuria Benito Mussolini in Italy 1922

10. Expansionist policies • Some countries looking to other places to gain resources • Many of the “strong” European countries busy with economic problems

11. Rise of totalitarian governments • Fascism: militant political movement, emphasizing loyalty to state and obedience to leader • Revive economy • Restore national pride • Hungary – Horthy Spain - Franco • Italy- Mussolini • Portugal –- Salazar • Hitler –Germany • Soviet Union –Stalin • Japan --Tojo

12. Benito Mussolini • Italy • Economic forces weakened, Mussolini gaining power • Played on fear of working class revolt • October 1922, Mussolini comes to power

13. Il Duce • Abolished democracy • Outlawed political parties except fascists • Secret police jailed opponents • Allied fascists and industrialists • Not anti-Jewish (until much later) Less control than the Nazis

14. Italy • Mussolini attacks Ethiopia • “Scramble” by Italy? • October 1935: revenge • League of Nations did nothing…wanted to keep peace in Europe

15. Spanish Civil War 1936-39 Nationalists (royalists, anti-communists, fascists) + 10,000s of German, Italian, and Portuguese troops vs. Loyalists (communists, socialists, anarchists, and Republican government supporters) + 40,000 international fighters, aid from Soviet Union, Mexico and France

16. Outcome of Spanish Civil War • 600,000 dead • Nationalists victorious • Germany tests new weapons and tactics (terror bombing) • Nationalist leader Francisco Franco becomes dictator

18. Japan • 1928 – Kellog-Briand Pact • Respect China’s borders • Problems: limited power of prime minister and cabinet • Military!! Hirohito

19. Japan • 1931 - Invades Manchuria • Raw materials • Population • July 7, 1937 – Japan invades China • Rape of Nanjing

22. Essential Question • How did the Nazis kill 6 million Jews and 6 million others in a matter of a few years? • Why did the “Final Solution” evolve the way that it did?

23. Dachau • Kristallnacht • The Holocaust • Non-Jewish groups also victimized by Nazis • Henrich Himmler • Ghetto • Gestapo • Babi Yar • Auschwitz • Kapo • Slave or Forced Labor • Final Solution

24. Essential Question • How did the Nazis kill 6 million Jews and 6 million others in a matter of a few years? • You need to understand the following terms and their significance:

25. You should know these terms and their significance • Dachau • Kristallnacht • The Holocaust • Non- Jewish groups also victimized by Nazis • Henrich Himmler • Ghetto • Gestapo • Babi Yar • Auschwitz • Kapo • Slave or Forced Labor • Final Solution

26. 1933, era of Repression begins

27. “Don’t buy from Jews!”

28. First concentration camp opens at Dachau in March 1933. Initially for communists, political prisoners, and criminals

29. 1935 Laws passed restricting Jews from business, serving in the army. Sexual relations and marriage with non-Jews are crimes. Jewish children can’t play in same places or attend non-Jewish schools “Jews are not welcomed here”

30. November 9-10, 1938 • Kristallnacht, “Night of Broken Glass”

31. Kristallnacht:Harbinger of the Holocaust • 30,000 Jewish men arrested and taken to concentration camps • More than 1,000 synagogues destroyed • Tens of thousands of Jewish businesses and homes ransacked and destroyed • Dozens of Jews killed

32. What was “The Holocaust?” • The systematic annihilation of 6 million Jews —1.2 million children by the Nazis. In 1933, 9 million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Nazi Germany during World War 2. By 1945, 2 of every 3 European Jews had been killed. • About 6 million others died: gypsies, political prisoners, Communists, Slavs, trade unionists, habitual criminals, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, vagrants, physically handicapped, and mentally “unfit.”

33. January 1942 “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” SS Head Heinrich Himmler Reinhard Heydrich

34. The Nazis had fascist sympathizers in other countries • Anti-Semitism is widespread all around Europe • On a Jewish-owned shop,Norwegian fascists painted this slogan:"Palestine is calling. Jews are not tolerated in Norway."

35. Chief Architects of The Holocaust • Heinrich Himmler (l), head of the Gestapo and the SS • Lt. General Reinhard Heydrich (r), Himmler’s deputy and head of the Reich Security Main Office, responsible for setting up Einsatzgruppen

36. Non-Germans responsible for much of the killing • Nazis recruited local fascists, anti-Semites, and criminals to do a lot of killing in Baltic states, Russia, Eastern Europe, and Yugoslavia

37. Einsatzgruppen- mobile killing units • paramilitaries/police • Followed army into Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union • Key part of Nazi Holocaust • Killed 1.3 million Jews mostly by shootings

38. Largest massacre—Babi Yar @ Kiev in Ukraine. 34,000 Jews killed, September 29-30, 1941

39. Mobile killing not efficient enough for the Nazis. January 20, 1942 Wannsee Conference • “Final Solution to the Jewish Question”

40. To carry out the extermination of the Jews, Nazis established six death camps in Poland where large numbers of deportees were gassed or starved to death.

41. The largest death camp was AUSCHWITZ

42. 1.2-1.5 million Jews were shipped to Auschwitz…

43. Pair Share Think/Talk • Why were Auschwitz and all the other major death camps situated in Poland?

44. Look at the location. Where did most Jews in Europe live?

45. Kapos, some of whom were Jewish, were inmates who supervised the prisoners and carried out the orders of the Nazi camp commandants and guards. They were often as brutal as their SS counterparts. Kapos

46. “Work Makes One Free”

47. …only 1 in 20 survived

48. Different types of Camps: death camps, concentration camps, labor camps

49. Millions of slave laborers served the German war effort • “Forced and slave labor was used in road-building and defense works; the chemical, construction, metal, mining, and munitions industries; and elsewhere. Such labor was integral to concentration camps and their subcamps, farms, ghettos, labor battalions, religious institutions, prisoner-of-war camps, and private industries in Germany, other Axis countries, and the German-occupied territories east and west.”

50. Pair/Share talk • Why did the Nazis resorted to such widespread use of slave and forced labor? • Hint: 70 million Germans were fighting against industrialized countries with a combined population of more than 400 million + their empires.