Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

1. AntebellumRevivalism&Reform

2. The Second Great Awakening • Rejected 18th century Calvinist beliefs and focused on individual responsibility for salvation. • Believed individuals could better themselves and society • Revival- an emotional meeting used to awaken religious faith through prayer • **Revivalism swept through the United States

3. 1.The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

4. The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

5. Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

6. Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking”conversion R1-2

7. The Mormon Migration • Mormons, a religious community also know as the Latter- Day Saints, played a major role in settling the West • Religion began in Western New York (1827) when Joseph Smith and five associates established the Church • Smith and a growing band of followers moved West and settled in Nauvoo, Illinois (1839)

8. Joseph Smith Brigham Young

9. Within five years the community numbered 20,000. • Many neighbors became angry and printed protests against polygamy and other practices of this early church • Joseph Smith destroyed the towns printing press and was jailed for treason • An anti- Mormon mob broke into the jail and murdered Smith and his brother

10. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers • If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness. • Set up first communities in New York and New England. Pooled all land, tools and labor • Believed men and women were equal and refused to fight for any reason • Rejected economic individualism and tried to withdraw from American society R1-4

11. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

12. Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

13. Shaker Meeting

14. 2.Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Wanted an alternative to traditional religion, but found revivalism too public • “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, the imagination to create an original relationship with the Universe.

15. Transcendentalist Thinking • Created a literary movement that stressed American ideas of freedom, optimism, and self-reliance • Believed in the good will (benevolence) of god and the divinity of the people • They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

16. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/WritersConcord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature(1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden(1854) “The American Scholar”(1837) R3-1/3/4/5

17. The Transcendentalist Agenda • Give freedom to the slave. • Give well-being to the poor and the miserable. • Give learning to the ignorant. • Give health to the sick. • Give peace and justice to society.

18. A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) • Their pursuit of the ideal (perfection) led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities:*The Blithedale Romance • One should accept the world as an imperfect place:*Scarlet Letter*House of the Seven Gables

19. “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America

20. 3.Utopian Communities

21. George Ripley (1802-1880)Utopian Communities • Experimental groups that tried to create a “utopia” or perfect place • 1841, George Ripley established Brook farm near Boston. • **”prepare a society of liberal, intelligent and cultivated persons, whose relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simple life.”-Purpose of Brook Farm

22. George Ripley Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA

23. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832

24. New Harmony, IN

25. Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform • By the mid 19th century thousands of Americans joined together to fight the various social ills that plagued the U.S.

26. 4.Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) -Fought against the imprisonment of the mentally ill -Introduced Rehabilitation, treatment that would reform the sick and help them return to society R1-5/7

27. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

28. 5.Educational Reform Before the mid 1800’s there was no education policy throughout the country • MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform* 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools. • By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.* US had one of the highest literacy rates.

29. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials • children should be “molded” into a state of perfection • discouraged corporal punishment • established state teacher- training programs R3-6

30. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers • Used religious parables to teach “American values.” • Teach middle class morality and respect for order. • Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

31. 6.“Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside). • Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily. • An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

32. Women and Reform • In the early 19 century women faced limitations- CULT OF DOMESTICITY • Women played an active part in reform movements of the times. • As they fought to improve conditions for other, they too realized they were second class citizens. • Sought after equal rights

33. Early 19c Women • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn't’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

34. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

35. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké • American Women’sSuffrage Assoc. • edited Woman’s Journal • Southern Abolitionists R2-9

36. R2-6/7 7.Women’s Rights 1848- Women’s rights convention. -Listed grievances…..modeled declaration after the declaration of independence Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

37. Seneca Falls Declaration

38. 8.Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society“Demon Rum”! The effort to prohibit the sale of alcohol -Beecher lectured of the evils of liquor in 1825 -American Temperance society was formed in 1826 -By 1833 more than 6,000 temperance societies where around the country The Beecher Family R1-6

39. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

40. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

41. 9.Abolitionist Movement • 1816 American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol

42. Abolitionists Speak Out • By the 1820’s more than 100 antislavery societies were advocating for the resettlement of blacks in Africa • Many Africans did not want to return because they considered America their home. • African Americans and whites (most Northern) joined together in public criticism of slavery • ABOLITION- the call to outlaw slavery

43. Abolitionist Movement • Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica. • No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. Gradualists Immediatists

44. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

45. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) • Most radical white abolitionist. Wrote The Liberator- which was a newspaper used to deliver antislavery message • Immediate emancipation with NO compensation to slaveholders. • Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. • Caused a lot of tension between government, church and the people. R2-4

46. The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

47. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

48. Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan James Birney • Liberty Party. • Ran for President in 1840 & 1844. Arthur Tappan

49. Black Abolitionists David Walker(1785-1830) 1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Book that encouraged Blacks to fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

50. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 “The North Star” R2-12