AN AMERICAN CULTURE

1. AN AMERICAN CULTURE Chapter 11 The American Nation, 12e Mark. C. Carnes and John A. Garraty ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. IN SEARCH OF NATIVE GROUNDS • Early 19th century literary groups set out to encourage creation of purely American literature • Anthology Club, Boston • Friendly Club, New York • Before 1830, only James Fenimore Cooper made successful use of national heritage—romanticized view of frontier life, of Indians, and settlers • The Spy (1821) • The Pioneers (1823) • The Last of the Mohicans (1826) • Marked shift from classicism of 18th century which emphasized reason and orderliness to romanticism of early 19th century with its stress on highly subjective emotional values and its concern for the beauties of nature and the freedom of the individual

3. IN SEARCH OF NATIVE GROUNDS • Novels grew with readership which was increasingly middle class women • Catherine M. Sedgwick chronicled simple virtues of home and family in A New England Tale (1822) and Redwood (1824) • Many early novelists slavishly imitated British writers • Sentimental novels • Satirical writers • Historical novels • New York was literary capital • Leading light was Washington Irving, who abandoned U.S. for Europe

4. AMERICAN PAINTING • American painting reached a level comparable to European work, but most artists trained in Europe • Benjamin West, went to Europe before Revolution and never returned • John Singleton Copley, Bostonian • Charles Wilson Peale, settled in Philadelphia and had a brood of talented children • Gilbert Stuart, portrait painter • Less obviously imitative than literature was but unmistakably in European tradition

5. THE ROMANTIC VIEW OF LIFE • Romantics believed that change and growth were the essence of life for both individuals and institutions • Valued feeling and intuition over pure thought • Stressed the differences between individuals and societies rather than the similarities • Had an ardent love of country • Ascribed to individualism, optimism, ingenuousness, and emotion • Believed good people went to heaven

6. TRANSCENDENTALISM • New England creation • Emphasized indefinable and unknowable • Mystical intuitive way of looking at life that subordinated facts to feelings • Human beings were truly divine because they were part of nature which was the essence of divinity • Could “transcend” reason by having faith in themselves and in the fundamental benevolence of the universe • Complete individualists who did not believe in institutions

7. EMERSON AND THOREAU Ralph Waldo Emerson (b.1803) • Restored to Unitarianism fervor and purpose • Philosophy was buoyantly optimistic and rigorously intellectual, self-confident and conscientious • Disturbed by industrial society • Favored change and believed in progress • Disliked powerful governments but believed in strong leadership

8. EMERSON AND THOREAU Henry David Thoreau • Disliked scramble for wealth • Objected to society’s restrictions on the individual • 1845 built a cabin on Walden Pond and lived there for two years • A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) and Walden (1854) • Refused to pay Massachusetts poll tax to protest Mexican-American war and was jailed for a night (until aunt paid tax) and wrote “Civil Disobedience”

9. EDGAR ALLAN POE • Born in Boston in 1809, died at age 40 • Neurotic, an alcoholic and occasional user of drugs who married a child of 13 • Obsessed with death and haunted by melancholia and hallucinations • An excellent magazine editor, a penetrating critic, a poet of unique talents, and a fine short story writer • Stories abound with examples of wild imagination and fascination with mystery, fright, and the occult • Perfected the detective story, one of first to deal with science fiction themes, and master of horror stories

10. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE • Born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804 • Disliked egotism of transcendentalism and rejected its bland optimism • Fascinated by past, especially puritan heritage of New England and its continuing influence • Active in politics • Twice-told Tales (1837); The Scarlet Letter (1850); The House of Seven Gables (1851) A

11. HERMAN MELVILLE • Born 1819 in New York • Typee (1846): account of life in Marquesas and sequel, Omoo (1847) • Studied Shakespeare, rejected optimism, liked Emerson but was not a transcendentalist, expressed sympathy for the Indians and for immigrants • Redburn (1849) • White-Jacket (1850) • Moby Dick (1851)

12. WALT WHITMAN • Born on Long Island in 1819 • Most romantic and distinctly American writer of his age • Ardent Jacksonian and Free-soiler • Leaves of Grass (1855)—a preface and 12 rambling, free verse poems • Loved to use foreign words and to pose as a rough character despite his sensitive nature

13. THE WIDER LITERARY RENAISSANCE • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • “The Village Blacksmith” • “Paul Revere’s Ride” • The Courtship of Miles Standish • The Song of Hiawatha • Poetry lacked profundity, originality and force • John Greenleaf Whittier—poet who believed ardently in abolition • James Russell Lowell—editor of Atlantic Monthly and writer of humorous stories

14. HISTORIANS • George Bancroft—10 volume History of the United States (first volume 1834) • William Hickling Prescott—History of Spain and Spain’s American empire • Conquest of Mexico (1843) • Conquest of Peru (1847) • John Lothrop Motley—Rise of the Dutch Republic (1856) • Francis Parkman—Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851) • Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes—poet and essayist

15. SOUTHERN LITERATURE • John Pendleton Kennedy (Baltimore)—novels with regional historical themes • William Gilmore Simms (South Carolina)—two dozen novels, several volumes of poetry and a number of biographies • The Partisan (1835) • The Yemassee (1835)

16. DOMESTIC TASTES • Charles Bulfinch and domestic architecture • “Federal” style • New Technology • Weave colored patterns into cloth by machine • Manufacture wallpaper printed with complicated designs • Produce rugs and hangings that looked liked tapestry • Unfortunate effect was overstuffed parlors

17. DOMESTIC TASTES • Wood turning machinery added to popularity of “Gothic” style of architecture • Increasing purchase of native art • George Catlin • William Sydney Mount • George Caleb Bingham • Asher B. Durand • John Kensett • Thomas Cole • American Art-Union formed in New York 1839 which sold tickets for art prizes (outlawed 1851) • Currier and Ives prints popular in 1850s

18. EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY • Most children, except in the South, between the ages of 5 and 10 attended school for at least a couple a months of the year • School attendance changed with the rise of the common school movement • Belief that a government based on democratic rule must diffuse knowledge throughout people • Led to free, tax-supported schools which all students were expected to attend • Educational system came to be administered on a statewide basis • Teaching became a profession that required formal training

19. EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY Leaders of common school movement • Shared unquenchable faith in the improvability of human race through education • Henry Barnard—educational posts in Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York and was editor of American Journal of Education • Horace Mann drafted 1837 Massachusetts law creating a state school board and then carried common schools to every corner of the land

20. EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY • By the 1850s every state outside the South provided free elementary schools and supported institutions for training teachers • Many built high schools; Michigan and Iowa even established publicly supported colleges • Success? • Provide trained and well disciplined workers • Designed to “Americanize” immigrant workers • Reformers favored public elementary schools on the theory they would instill the values of hard work, punctuality, and submissiveness to authority in children of the laboring classes • They brought Americans of different economic circumstances and ethnic backgrounds into early and mutual contact

21. READING AND THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE • As population grew and became more concentrated and was permeated by “middle class” point of view, popular concern for “culture” increased • New machines of industrialization tended to make the artifacts of culture more stereotyped • Cost of books, magazines, and newspapers decreased • Penny newspapers started in 1833 with New York Sun • Depended on sensation, crime stories, and society gossip

22. READING AND THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE • 1850s moralistic and sentimental “domestic” novel entered its prime • Most successful writers were women • Susan Warner: The Wide, Wide World (1850) • Maria Cummins: The Lamplighter (1854) • Religious literature also had a big market • 1840 American Tract Society distributed 3 million copies of its publications • 1855 distributed 12 million • Self-improvement books also big sellers • Some aimed at uplifting character • Some simply taught one how to do things

23. READING AND THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE • Philanthropists contributed large sums to charity and other good causes • Stephen Girard: $6 million to educate poor, white, orphan boys • John Jacob Astor & George Peabody endowed libraries • John Lowell left $500,000 to sponsor free public lectures • Peter Cooper founded Cooper Union where workers could take free courses on practical subjects • Mechanics’ libraries sprang up everywhere • Following Massachusetts, several states encouraged local communities to found tax-supported libraries

24. READING AND THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE • Mutual improvement societies—lyceums • Began in Great Britain • Josiah Holbrook founded first in U.S. in 1826 • Within 5 years over 1,000 • Conducted discussions, established libraries, lobbied for better schools, sponsored lectures

25. THE STATE OF THE COLLEGES Private Colleges • Too many of them • Many short lived • Too few students • Charged too much for average family • Accepted students as young as 11 and 12 and as old as 30 • Grades were not given, class work was considered unimportant, and discipline was lax • Curriculum was heavy with Latin and Greek and had little practical relevance except for ministers

26. THE STATE OF THE COLLEGES • Move to revamp curriculum • More courses in science, economics, modern history, and applied mathematics • Yale established separate school of science in 1847 • Harvard started using grades • Colleges in West and South began offering mechanical and agricultural subjects • Women • Oberlin enrolled 4 female students in 1837 • Georgia Female College opened in 1839

27. CIVIC CULTURES East Coast highlights • By 1825 New York’s House of Harper was the largest book publisher in the nation • Boston was the home of the nation’s leading historians • Philadelphia with the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and Philadelphia Academy of Music predominated in artistic and music matters

28. CIVIC CULTURES • Washington, DC, was a cultural backwater • Boston, Philadelphia, and New York vied for primacy • Lawyers were seen as arbiters of taste in literature and art • Magazines: • North American Review, Boston, 1815: leading literary magazine • Graham’s, first illustrated magazine • Godey’s Ladies Book: reached 150,000 subscribers in the 1850s

29. CIVIC CULTURES • In the West • Cincinnati had 7 weekly and 2 daily magazines, a literary monthly, a medical journal, and a magazine for teenagers • Smaller cities • Portland, Providence, Hartford, Albany, and Pittsburgh had literary and natural history societies and were regular stops on the lyceum lecture circuit

30. AMERICAN HUMOR • Juxtaposition of high ideals and low reality • Seba Smith, newspaperman from Portland, Maine • Augustus Baldwin Longstreet chronicled violence figures • 1830s and 1840s, Davy Crockett Almanacs provided outrageous and ribald tales about frontier life

31. WEBSITES • America’s First Look into the Camera: Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1839-1862 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/daghtml/daghome.html • The Era of the Mountain Men http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/amm.html • Edgar Allen Poe http://www.eapoe.org/index.html • Eastern State Penitentiary Official Homepage http://www.easternstate.com/index.html