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The Brain

The Brain. The Brain. The largest and most complex organ of the nervous system Oversees many aspects of physiology such as Sensation and perception Movement Thinking. meninges. Thin membrane located between the bone and brain/spinal cord Protection. meninges. 3 layers Dura mater

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain

  2. The Brain • The largest and most complex organ of the nervous system • Oversees many aspects of physiology such as • Sensation and perception • Movement • Thinking

  3. meninges • Thin membrane located between the bone and brain/spinal cord • Protection

  4. meninges • 3 layers • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater

  5. Dura mater • Outermost layer • Tough, white connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves • Continues into vertebral canal as it surrounds the spinal cord

  6. Arachnoid mater • Middle layer • Thin, weblike membrane that does not have blood vessels • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) located between arachnoid mater and pia mater

  7. Pia mater • Innermost layer • Many blood vessels • Attached to surface of brain

  8. parts of the brain • Cerebrum • Diencephelon • Cerebellum • Brainstem

  9. cerebrum • Largest part of brain • Divided into 2 hemispheres • A broad flat bundle of axons connects them, called the corpus callosum • A layer of the dura mater separates the hemispheres

  10. cerebrum • The ridges are called gyri • The grooves are called sulci • Deep sulci are called fissures • Outer layer of cerebrum is gray matter called the cerebral cortex • Inner layer of cerebrum is white matter

  11. Lobes of cerebrum • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe

  12. Frontal lobe • Higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging consequences of behavior • Movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

  13. Parietal lobe • Sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain • Understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings

  14. Temporal lobe • Hearing • Interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns

  15. Occipital lobe • Vision • Combine visual images with other sensory experiences

  16. diencephalon • Region of the brain that gives rise to posterior forebrain structures • Associated with the Limbic System – controls emotion • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland • Pineal gland • Amygdala • Hippocampus

  17. thalamus • Relay sensory and motor information to cerebral cortex • Regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness

  18. hypothalamus • Link between nervous system and endocrine system • Releases hormones that eventually control body temperature, hunger, parenting behaviors, thirst, sleep, and circadian rhythms

  19. Pituitary gland • Endocrine gland stimulated by hypothalamus that secretes hormones that regulate homeostasis

  20. Pineal gland • Secretes the hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep/wake cycles and mood

  21. amygdala • Role in memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions

  22. hippocampus • Involves consolidation of short-term memory into long term memory and spatial navigation

  23. cerebellum • A large mass of tissue inferior to cerebrum, posterior to brainstem • Communicates with other brain structures by means of cerebellar peduncles. • Integrates sensory info such as position of body parts, coordinates muscle activities, maintains posture

  24. brainstem • Connects brain to spinal cord • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla Oblongata • Reticular Formation

  25. midbrain • Joins spinal cord with higher regions of the brain • Reflex centers that move eyes and head, maintains posture

  26. pons • A bulge on the underside of the brainstem • Relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum; regulates breathing

  27. Medulla oblongata • Enlarged continuation of spinal cord • Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers, nonvital reflex control centers

  28. Reticular formation • Network of fibers throughout brain stem • Regulates sleep/wake cycles, filters sensory impulses

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