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Concepts of IB, Cont’

Concepts of IB, Cont’. From last class covered: Info Info needs Info seeking. From Case, Ch 5 Explain that Concept…. Uncertainty – key element in many models of decision making including Kuhlthau (Xtreme) Browsing Relevance (aboutness & topicality) Info avoidance (non-use, sort of)

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Concepts of IB, Cont’

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  1. Concepts of IB, Cont’ From last class covered: • Info • Info needs • Info seeking

  2. From Case, Ch 5Explain that Concept… • Uncertainty – key element in many models of decision making including Kuhlthau • (Xtreme) Browsing • Relevance (aboutness & topicality) • Info avoidance (non-use, sort of) • Info poverty • Info overload • Info anxiety • Info entertainment (So they read Nancy Drew…) • Monitors and blunters

  3. Info Evaluating • Users evaluate info when they decide whether it can resolve their need, that is, whether it is relevant or not. • Ex) Person is looking for an intro to programming in C#. What kind of work would be relevant to her?

  4. Info Evaluating &Relevance Judgments • Factors affecting relevance: • Topicality • Utility • Levels of relevance: • Relevant • Partially relevant • Non-relevant • Subjective and situation-specific: • User’s background knowledge • Urgency of need • Envisioned use • Changes over time

  5. Sorting it Out… • Salience: an antecedent factor in motivating a person to seek info • Relevance: evaluation of the match between a Q (search statement) and the answer/text retrieved by that statement • Pertinence: aka situational relevance; a searcher’s judgement regarding the relationship between her need & the info received

  6. Personal Info Management • The practice and study of activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain and retrieve info for everyday use

  7. Ideal of PIM • We always have the right info in the right place, in the right form, and of sufficient completeness and quality to meet our current need.

  8. Reality • We do not always find the right info in time to meet our current needs • The necessary info may never be found • The needed info “arrives” too late to be useful • Info may also enter our lives too soon and then be misplaced or forgotten entirely before opportunities for its application arise

  9. We regularly locate, encounter or acquire info that we know we will want to use again We need to organize and manage the info that we need to use for work, fun, and everyday tasks The Challenge http://plus.maths.org/issue23/editorial/information.jpg

  10. Our personal subset of the larger info world A collection of info sources and channels that we as individuals have acquired, cultivated, and organized over time Where we turn first when we need info to do a task or pursue an interest Personal Info Collection

  11. Personal Info Collection • A Mental Construct • A Set of Things • Content in various forms (documents, web pages, mail, notes, calendars, address books, etc) • Structures for representing and organizing this info (folder hierarchies, piles, lists, etc) • Pointers to info (people, links, favorites…)

  12. Personal Info Collection (PIM) • A set of processes and related behavior • Selecting • Keeping/ leaving • Re-finding • Maintaining

  13. Selecting • Distinguishing and selecting useful info • The assumption of a personal info collection is that the individual will select and keep useful info and discard info that is not useful • How • Personal Anticipate Info Need (PAIN) • Imperfect sensitivity • False positives • Incorrect rejections

  14. Keeping/Leaving • Keep • interventions to acquire and include the info source or channel in the personal info collection • Filing; Storing a document in a folder; Making a Bookmark or Favorite; Send email to others or to self • Leave • Leave the info source or channel in situ • I can find it again when I need it • Part of the mental construct of the personal info collection • E.g. regularly used website

  15. Re-finding • Ultimate purpose and critical test of the personal info collection • Depends upon • Info literacies • Memory • Keeping and maintaining processes

  16. Maintaining • Re-evaluating the usefulness of info sources and channels that have been included in the personal info collection • Re-organizing info • Removing false positives • Updating or upgrading taxonomies

  17. Info Use People’s actions upon receiving info and how they perceive that info helped (or did not help) in dealing with a situation Outcomes of Info Seeking • Action (satisfy immediate info need / solve problem) • Change state of knowledge (make new sense) • Confirm what one already knows • Suggest alternative solutions • Store for future use • Create new info need through feedback • Pass it on to someone else • Other ???

  18. Barriers: Info-Related on Web • Info Overload • Poorly organized (classified) • Out-of-date and inaccurate info • Authority • Missing • Dead links • Language used

  19. Other Web Barriers • Technological: connection speeds too slow, software unavailable or incompatible with connecting systems, etc • Economic: can’t afford computing equip/access; public sites inconvenient • Geographic: Hindered if live far from public access site, high-speed connectivity unavailable • Search skill: Not know how to search system/Internet or use advanced method • Cognitive: Not understand how Internet works: how indexed, search engines work, links created, who creates and manages info, sites are updated, etc • Psychological: Lack confidence in ability to find info. Internalize search failures: instead of attributing them to the ‘Net or lack of availability, believe reason cannot find something is because they are unable to carry out search successfully

  20. Info Giving Act of communicating using different media, including oral, print, electronic, physical gestures; part of a communicative event

  21. Triggers for Giving • User asks for info directly • User raises topic about which the giver has info • User describes his/her situation to the giver who has info that can help • User behaves/shows signs that prompts giver to give info that might help • Giver expects to receive needed info in return • Other??

  22. Types of Info Giving Simple: Given info without probing Complex:Giving same info but after probing to determine the inquirer's real underlying need ** Simple Info Giving could be in response to a complex need **

  23. Strategies for Giving • Tailoring complete info to the attributes of a particular need • Planting a nugget (anticipation of a situation) • Pushing/making a case for the need of info • Presenting info and asking for feedback

  24. Info Behavior Therapy Part Deux

  25. Exercise • With a partner, share each other’s info giving incident and answer: • How was the info need identified? • How was the info given and why in that way? • How did you think the info would help? • What was the outcome?

  26. Other Key Concepts Emergefrom Models of Info Behavior • Dervin’s Sense-Making • Belkin, Oddy & Brooks’s anomalous states of knowledge • Bate’s berry picking • Leckie, Sylvain & Pettigrew’s professionals’ info seeking • Kuhlthau’s info search process • Chatman’s info poor • And many others

  27. Principles of Info Behavior • Memorize by heart: • Harris & Dewdney’s 6 Principles • Case’s 8 Lessons Congratulations—We Did It!

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