Chapter 24

1. Chapter 24 Part one

2. The Concept of Budgetary Control • A major function of management is to control operations • Takes place by means of budget reports which compare actual results with plannedobjectives • Provides management with feedback on operations • Budget reports can be prepared as frequently as needed • Analyze differences between actual and planned results and determines causes LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.

3. The Concept of Budgetary Control Budgetary control involves the following activities LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.

4. The Concept of Budgetary Control Works best when a company has a formalized reporting systemwhich: • Identifies the name of the budget report (such as the sales budget or the manufacturing overhead budget) • States the frequency of the report (such as weekly or monthly) • Specifies the purpose of the report • Indicates recipient of the report LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.

5. The Concept of Budgetary Control • Schedule below illustrates a partial budgetary control system for a manufacturing company • Note the frequency of reports and their emphasis on control LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.

6. Let’s Review Budgetary control involves all but one of the following: a. Modifying future plans. b. Analyzing differences. c. Using static budgets. d. Determining differences between actual and planned results. LO 1: Describe the concept of budgetary control.

7. Static Budget Reports • When used in budgetary control, each budget included in the master budget is considered to be static • A static budget is a projection of budget data at one level of activity • Ignores data for different levels of activity • Compares actual results with the budget data at the activity level used in the master budget LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.

8. Static Budget Reports: Sales Budget Example – Hayes Company Budget and actual sales data for the Kitchen-mate product for the first and second quarters of 2008 are: LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.

9. Static Budget Reports: Sales Budget Example – Hayes Company, 1st Quarter • Shows that sales are $1,000 under budget – anunfavorableresult. • Difference is less than 1% of budgeted sales - assume immaterial (not significant) to top management with no corrective action taken LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.

10. Static Budget Reports: Sales Budget Example – Hayes Company, 2nd Quarter • Shows that sales were $10,500, or 5%, below budget • Material difference between budgeted and actual sales • Merits investigation - begin by asking the sales manager the cause(s) – consider corrective action LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reorts.

11. Static Budget Reports – Uses and Limitations • Appropriate for evaluating a manager’s effectiveness in controlling costs when: Actual level of activity closely approximates the master budget activity level Behavior of the costs is fixed in response to changes in activity • Appropriate for fixed costs • Not appropriate for variable costs LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.

12. Let’s Review A static budget is useful in controlling costs when cost behavior is: a. Mixed. b. Fixed. c. Variable. d. Linear. LO 2: Evaluate the usefulness of static budget reports.

13. Flexible Budgets • Budgetary process more useful if it is adaptable to changes in operating conditions • Projects budget data for various levels of activity • Essentially, a series of static budgets at different activity levels • Can be prepared for each type of budget in the master budget LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

14. Flexible Budgets Example – Barton Steel Static budget for the Forging Department at a 10,000 unit level: LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

15. Flexible Budgets Example – Continued Demand increases – produce 12,000 units rather than 10,000 LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

16. Flexible Budgets Example – Continued • Very large variances in budget report due to increased demand for steel ingots • Total unfavorable difference of $132,000 – 12% over budget • Comparison based on budget data for 10,000 units - the original activity level which is notrelevant • Meaningless to compare actual variable costs for 12,000 units with budgeted variable costs for 10,000 units • Variable cost increase with production Budgeted variable amounts should increase proportionately with production LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

17. Flexible Budgets Example – Continued Budget data for variable costs at 10,000 units: Calculate variable costs at the 12,000 unit level: LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

18. Flexible Budgets Example – Continued: New budget report (no change in fixed costs): LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgetsand the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

19. Developing The Flexible Budget – A Case Study Example – Fox Manufacturing Company • Formula to determine total budgeted costs from the budget at any level of activity: • Determine total budgeted costs for Fox Manufacturing Company with fixed costs of $30,000 and total variable cost $4 per unit: • At 9,000 direct labor hours : $30,000 + ($4 X 9,000) = $66,000 • At 8,622 direct labor hours: $30,000 + ($4 X 8,622) = $64,488 LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

20. Developing The Flexible Budget – A Case Study Example – Fox Manufacturing Company Graphic flexible budget data highlighting 10,000 and 12,000 activity levels LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

21. Flexible Budget Reports • Monthly comparisons of actual and budgeted manufacturing overhead costs • A type of internal report • Consists of twosections: • Production data for a selected activity index, such as direct labor hours • Cost data for variable and fixed costs • Widely used in production and service departments to evaluate a manager’s performance in production control and cost control LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

22. Flexible Budget Reports - Example LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

23. Management by Exception • Focus of top management’s review of a budget report: differences between actual and planned results • Able to focus on problem areas • Investigate onlymaterial andcontrollable exceptions • Express materiality as a percentage difference from budget - either over or under budget • Controllability relates to those items controllable by the manager LO 3: Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.

24. Let’s Review At 9,000 direct labor hours, the flexible budget for indirect materials is $27,000. If $28,000 of indirect materials costs are incurred at 9,200 direct labor hours, the flexible budget report should show the following difference for indirect materials: a. $1,000 unfavorable. b. $1,000 favorable. c. $400 favorable. d. $400 unfavorable. LO 3:Explain the development of flexible budgets and the usefulness of flexible budget reports.