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Table 1.1

1-3. International Organizations. Table 1.1. four. Concept Preview After reading this chapter, you should be able to:. 1. explain the economic, social, and peacekeeping activities of the United Nations

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Table 1.1

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  1. 1-3 International Organizations Table 1.1 four Concept Preview After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. explain the economic, social, and peacekeeping activities of the United Nations 2. explain the three major parts of the World Bank: its regular loan window, its International Finance Corporation, and its International Development Association 3. explain the original and changed activities of the International Monetary Fund 4. understand how the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development started in the wrong direction but has turned around chapter

  2. 1-3 International Organizations Table 1.1 four Concept Preview continued After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 5. compare the successes and failures of the regional development banks. 6. explain recent developments in the Bank for International Settlements. 7. compare the powers and activities of the World Trade Organization with those of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which it replaced, and understand the importance of the WTO to world business and trade. chapter

  3. 1-3 International Organizations Table 1.1 four Concept Preview continued After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 8. understand the opportunities for business presented by the European Union and the political and cultural obstacles facing the EU member-countries in reaching the goal of full union. 9. understand the potential for the North American Free Trade Agreement. 10. understand uses of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for business and students. chapter

  4. International Organizations 4-4 • United Nations • Multinational Development Banks • World Bank • International Finance Corporation • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Regional Development Banks • Bank for International Settlements • World Trade Organization (WTO) • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • European Union (EU) • Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) • Other Regional Groupings of Nations

  5. United Nations 4-5 • Large and decentralized • LDC's now constitute the majority • Less developed Country (LDC)-countries with low per capita income, high illiteracy, and little industrialization • Developed Country (DC)-countries with relatively high income per capita, low illiteracy, and well-developed industry • General Assembly • Security Council • body of UN composed of five permanent members with veto power and 10 chosen (5 each year) for two-year terms

  6. UN Organizational Chart* UNICEF United Nations UNDP UNITAR ESA Inter-AgencyConsultativeBoard UNCITRAL Administrative Committee on Coordination UN Center for Economic and Social Information World Food Program ILO UNESCO WHO FAO WMO ICAO UNIDO ITU UPU IMF IDA IBRD IFC IFAD GATT IAEA OTHER INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS 4-6 Figure 4.2 *ESA—Economic and Social Affairs, UNITAR—United Nations Institute of Trading and Research, UNCITRAL—United Nations Commission on International Law.

  7. UN International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) World Health Organization (WHO) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) International Labor Organization (ILO) UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UN Development Program International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Universal Postal Union (UPU) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) United Nations Specialized Agencies 4-7

  8. Multilateral Development Banks 4-8 • African Development Bank • Asian Development Bank • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development • Inter-American Development Bank • World Bank

  9. World Bank 4-9 • Many companies are suppliers to borrowers in Group-financed projects • The development finance institutions in LDC’s, which are partly financed and technically assisted by the Group, are potential capital sources for businesses selling or working in LDC’s • The World Bank’s center for arbitration may be able to resolve difficulties encountered by business in a foreign country • Projects tend to be mutually supportive-benefits result from infrastructure and better economic resource inventories • Information that the Group gathers about a nation’s or a project’s finances, uses of funds, management abilities, etc. tends to be more complete and accurate than information available to private business • The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) has insurance-type agreements that will protect companies against: • expropriation currency inconvertibility • wars revolutions or civil disturbances • other noncommercial risks

  10. World Bank 4-10 • Hard loans • made and repayable in hard, convertible currencies at market interest rates with normal market maturities • International Finance Corporation • investment banker of the world of the World Bank • Encourages local and provides capital • International Development Association (IDA) • soft loans (repayable in soft, nonconvertible currencies; carry low of no interest obligations • frequently long term (up to 40 years) • may grant grace periods of up to 10 years (no payment required)

  11. International Organizations 4-11 • Regional development banks • African (AfDB) • Asian (AsDB) • Inter-American (IDB) • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

  12. International Organizations 4-12 • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Deals solely with governments • Foster orderly foreign currency exchange arrangements at fixed rates • Austerity programs for foreign borrowers • World Debt Crisis • Bank for International Settlements • Central banker’s bank • Forum for international monetary cooperation • Center for research • Agent or trustee to various international financial arrangements • Cooperates with IMF in goals • Training eastern European bankers

  13. International Organizations 4-13 • World Trade Organization • successor to GATT (1947-1995) • lowered tariffs—discouraged quotas • dispute resolution power • OPEC • founded in 1960 • oversupply caused weak prices • economic muscle and political strength • OPEC ups and downs

  14. Regional Groupings of Countries 4-14 • European Union (EU) • Marshall Plan for post W.W.II reconstruction • A United States of Europe? • Political goals vs. Fortress Europe fears • Will the EU succeed? • EFTA • EEA-European Economic Area • Asean • African Trade Agreements • NAFTA • FTAA • Mercosur/Mercosul

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