Dark Energy and Dark Flow Explained by Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Updated December 27, 2013

1. Dark Energy and Dark FlowExplained by Inter-Universe Coupling GravityUpdatedDecember 27, 2013 Sing H. Lin , Ph.D., 林星雄·博士 E-Mail: singhlin@gmail.com

2. Expanding Universe Dark Energy Dark Flow Dark Energy and Dark Flow as explained by Gravity: that is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy and Dark FlowOutlines

3. Part 1 – Dark Energy

4. In about 1929, Edwin Hubble and several other scientists discovered that the spectral lines in the light received from distance galaxies are all shifted toward red light end of the spectrum Edwin Hubble further discovered that the amount of red-shift is proportional to the distance of galaxy from us Discovery of Red-Shift of Spectral Linesin Astronomical Observations

5. Red-shift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a super-cluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared with that of the Sun (left)

6. A red-shift can occur when the light source is moving away from an observer, similar to the Doppler shift that changes the perceived frequency of sound waves. The observed red-shift implies that: Galaxies are running away from us, The receding speed of a galaxy is proportional to its distance from us, and Universe is not static, but is expanding Expanding Universe

7. All matters have gravity pulling on each other Such gravity pull is expected to slow down the expansion of universe In 1998, two independent teams* of scientists did two independent astronomical measurements to try to measure the rate of slowing down of expanding universe (i.e. to measure the ultimate fate of our universe) * Two teams: the Supernova Cosmology Project at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the High-z Supernova Search Team Expected Effect of Gravity on Expanding Universe

8. However, these two teams of scientists and the whole world were all surprised in 1998 to find that the expansion of universe is NOT slowing down, but is accelerating. These two independent teams of scientists were scared and thought that they might have some errors in their measurements. But their careful checks found no errors in their two independent sets of measurements All scientists and astronomers have been in a state of collective bewilderment since this surprising discovery in 1998. Surprise! Surprise!

9. The key question is what is causing such acceleration of expansion of universe? For the time being, scientists have to postulate a “Dark Energy” that is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe. What to do with such a big surprise? - Dark Energy

10. Part 2 – Dark Flow

11. For many years, astronomers assume that: Space is expanding in a uniform way—at the same rate in every cosmic locale Big Bang growth marches at the same pace everywhere Such assumption is quite natural and reasonable if there is only one universe Expansion of Universe

12. By analyzing data collected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite, Alexander Sasha Kashlinsky of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center discovered surprising Dark Flow in 2008 Dark Flow represents the movement of hundreds of galaxy clusters at about two million miles per hour in the direction of a patch of sky between the constellations Centaurus and Vela. Dark flow extends out as far as 2.5 billion light years away. With such a large scale, it slashes through a significant chunk of the observable universe. New Surprise and New Challenge onHistorical Concept of Expanding Universe

13. Why the expansion of universe is NOT uniform everywhere? What causes such observed huge Dark Flow in the universe? Surprising Dark Flow

14. Part 3 – Parallel Universes andInter-Universe Coupling Gravity

15. Concept of Parallel Universes with Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Parallel Universe C Parallel Universe B Our Universe A Parallel Universe D Parallel Universe E

16. Our Universe A is surrounded by many other parallel universes B, C, D, E, etc. I believe that the Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity from other parallel universes is causing the accelerated expansion of our Universe A Therefore, I propose that Dark Energy is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity

17. There is no reason that the distribution of other parallel universes must be perfectly symmetrical with respect to the center of our Universe A Such non-symmetrical distribution of other parallel universes relative to the center of our universe A means that the Inter-Universe coupling gravity from other parallel universes is not symmetrical with respect to the center of our Universe A Non-Symmetric Pulling fromInter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 1

18. Therefore, the accelerated expansion of our Universe A is not symmetrical, not uniform, and not homogeneous. Therefore, I propose that the observed Dark Flow is caused by such non-symmetric pulling from Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Non-Symmetric Pulling fromInter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 2