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The Brain

The Brain. The Brain. The Brain is part of Central Nervous System (CNS) It is divided into 6 major parts: The cerebrum The diencephalon The mesencephalon The cerebellum The pons The medulla oblongata. Major divisions of the Brain. The real thing. Fig.14.01b. Lobes of the Cerebrum.

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain

  2. The Brain • The Brain is part of Central Nervous System (CNS) • It is divided into 6 major parts: • The cerebrum • The diencephalon • The mesencephalon • The cerebellum • The pons • The medulla oblongata

  3. Major divisions of the Brain

  4. The real thing Fig.14.01b

  5. Lobes of the Cerebrum

  6. Landmarks of the cerebrum

  7. Fiber Tracts in White Matter Figure 12.10a

  8. Cerebrospinal fluid • Protects by absorbing shock (it “floats” the brain. • Maintains the electrochemical environment (opitmal pH & osmolality). • Circulates nutrients and wastes.

  9. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Watery solution similar in composition to blood plasma • Contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma • Forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs • Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight • Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma • Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

  10. Formation of CSF

  11. Fig. 14.04c Circulation of CSF

  12. Ventricles of the Brain Figure 12.5

  13. The diencephalon & brainstem

  14. The Hypothalamus • Lies below thalamus Figure 14–10a

  15. Meninges • Three connective tissue membranes lie external to the CNS – dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater • Functions of the meninges • Cover and protect the CNS • Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses • Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Form partitions within the skull

  16. Meninges Figure 12.23a

  17. Dura Mater • Leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers • The two layers separate in certain areas and form dural sinuses

  18. Dura Mater • Three dural septa extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain • Falx cerebri – fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure • Falx cerebelli – runs along the vermis of the cerebellum • Tentorium cerebelli – horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure

  19. Dura Mater Figure 12.24

  20. Arachnoid Mater • The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering • It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space • Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large blood vessels • Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood

  21. Arachnoid Mater Figure 12.23a

  22. Pia Mater • Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

  23. Choroid Plexuses • Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle • Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF • Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

  24. Choroid Plexuses Figure 12.25a

  25. Blood-Brain Barrier • Protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain • Bloodborne substances are separated from neurons by: • Continuous endothelium of capillary walls • Relatively thick basal lamina • Bulbous feet of astrocytes

  26. Blood-Brain Barrier: Functions • Selective barrier that allows nutrients to pass freely • Is ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes • Absent in some areas (vomiting center and the hypothalamus), allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood • Stress increases the ability of chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier

  27. Cranial Nerves Figure 13.5a

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