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Basic Avian Embryology

Basic Avian Embryology. Web-based Training Storyboard. Table of Contents. Course Introduction Course Objectives Hen's Reproductive System and Fertilization Anatomy of an Egg Early Development of the Egg Egg Storage Egg Incubation Egg Hatching Process Embryo Loss

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Basic Avian Embryology

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  1. Basic Avian Embryology Web-based Training Storyboard

  2. Table of Contents • Course Introduction • Course Objectives • Hen's Reproductive System and Fertilization • Anatomy of an Egg • Early Development of the Egg • Egg Storage • Egg Incubation • Egg Hatching Process • Embryo Loss • Check Your Understanding • Recap

  3. Course Introduction

  4. Introduction 1 Hi! Welcome to this course on Basic Avian Embryology. I am Sandra, Technical Service Representative, your guide and best buddy for all your questions on Avian Embryology. Thank you Sandra, we are all excited to begin our training on Avian Embryology with you. 3 2 I am here to take you through the journey of the egg from the hen’s reproductive system to the hatching process. 4 I am excited too! Let’s get cracking.

  5. Course Objectives

  6. Course Objectives Check Your Understanding 9 1 By the end of this course, you will be able to… Hen’s Reproductive System 2 7 6 Egg Hatching Process Egg Incubation 4 Early Development of the Egg 8 Embryo Loss Egg Storage Anatomy of an Egg 5 3

  7. Hen's Reproductive System

  8. Hen's Reproductive System and Fertilization 1 What do you know about the Avian reproductive system? Well Sandra, a hen’s reproductive system is usually composed of a pair of ovaries and a pair of oviducts. 2 Chickens and most other birds have only one ovary and one oviduct. 3 • Very well, let me explain the hen’s reproductive system in detail. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • Identify the parts of the hen’s reproductive system. • Explain the journey of egg in each section of the hen’s reproductive system. 4

  9. Hen's Reproductive System - Parts 1 The two main sections of the hen’s reproductive system. 2 3 Oviduct Ovary 4 Click the highlighted parts to learn more.

  10. Fertilization - Journey of the Egg Sandra, how long does it take for an egg to form in the hen’s reproductive system? 1 Well, the egg is formed gradually over a period of about 25 hours. 2 Let’s take a closer look at the duration of the egg in each section of the hen’s reproductive system. 3

  11. Fertilization - Journey of the Egg 1 2 3 4 2-3 hours 15-30 mins. 2-3 hours 18 -26 hours

  12. Anatomy of Egg

  13. Anatomy of the Egg Well, Sandra, the yolk goes through the different sections of the reproductive system to become what we finally see as an egg. 1 I am curious to know the composition of a mature egg. 2 Well, this lesson will help you find the answer to your question. By the end of this lesson, you will learn to identify the different sections and components in the egg. 3

  14. Anatomy of the Egg Albumen Outer Shell Membrane Inner Shell Membrane Cuticle Move the mouse pointer on the section labels to learn more.

  15. Early Development of the Egg

  16. Early Development of the Egg Sandra, do all eggs have the potential to grow into chicks? 1 That’s a good question. Foremost, the egg has to be fertile to grow into a chick. 2 Is there something that we have to know that influences the development of the chick? 3 • Well, this lesson will be help you find answers to your questions. In this lesson, you will learn, to: • Identify a fertile egg. • Identify the cells responsible for organ and tissue development. • Explain the function of the extra embryonic membranes. • Identify the impact of temperature in the egg storage. 4

  17. Fertile Egg A quick question for you. Here’s the picture of a fertile and an infertile egg yolk. 1 Identify and click the fertile egg yolk. 2

  18. Fertile Egg This is a fertile egg yolk. 1 2 • The blastoderm can be seen with the naked eye. • An internal area or area pellucida can be seen as an oval structure in the blastoderm center.

  19. Organ Development in the Egg Do you know about the layers that help develop the organs and tissues in the egg? 1 Well, Sandra, I know that the blastoderm continues to divide in the egg. Can you tell us more about how the organs are developed? 2 3 Sure thing!

  20. Organ Development in the Egg • Ectoderm: • Nervous system • Parts of the eyes • Feathers • Beak • Claws • Skin. 1 • Endoderm: • Respiratory system • Digestive system • Secretory organs. • Mesoderm: • Skeleton • Muscles • Circulatory system • Reproductive organs • Excretory system 3 2 Click each layer to know which part and organ of the chick the layer is responsible to develop.

  21. Extra-embryonic Membranes Sandra, I would like to know how the embryo survives inside the egg without food. 1 Well, actually the embryo uses the nutrients stored inside the egg to carryout its bodily functions. 2 Oh wow, then how does it flush the waste? 3 There’s a membrane that segregates the waste. Let me explain this to you in detail. 4

  22. Extra-embryonic Membranes 3 Allantois stores metabolic wastes (uric acid) of the embryo To access the nutrients and carry out essential bodily functions, the embryo develops special compartments through membranes external to the embryo body. 2 Yoke the food source for the developing embryo. 1 Click each highlighted membrane to learn its function. 4

  23. Egg Storage

  24. Egg Storage Well Sandra, modern production requires storage of eggs between laying and hatching. 1 2 You’re right. I understand that the embryo needs certain temperature to grow. How is it achieved in the hatchery? 3 Well, this lesson will help you learn just that! 4 By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the right temperature to store the eggs. 5

  25. Egg Storage – Game (page 1 of 2) It’s time for a quick game, save the egg! You need to set the right temperature to safely store the eggs in the hatchery. Here are the rules! Click and drag the temperature knob to change the heat in the hatchery. You have just two chances to set the right temperature for the egg.

  26. Egg Storage – Game (page 2 of 2) Click here for rules Click and drag the temperature knob to change the heat in the hatchery. You have just two chances to set the right temperature for the egg. Click and drag the temperature knob

  27. Egg Storage - Temperature Let’s learn about the temperature at which the eggs should be stored. • Soon after collection, the eggs should be processed and placed in a cool storage. • Eggs should be gradually cooled to 66-70°F (19-21°C) in the egg storage room at the hatchery. • If the temperature of the egg is below 68°F (20°C), the embryo becomes dormant and most development stops (physiological zero). • Note: • Bouncing temperatures during storage will create a start/stop response in the embryonic development. • Each succeeding response progressively weakens and damages the embryo.

  28. Egg Incubation

  29. Egg Incubation Do you know the number of days it takes for any embryo to grow into a chick? 1 Is it 19 days? 2 Quite close, it’s 20 days. 3 By the end of this lesson, you will be able to describe the growth of the embryo from day 1 to day 20. 4

  30. Egg Incubation 5 6 4 7 3 8 Day 20 2 9 1 • Yolk sac is completely drawn into the body cavity and the navel starts to heal • After the air cell is broken, the embryo occupies the entire space and starts to pip. 10 20 11 19 12 18 13 17 14 16 15

  31. Egg Incubation How does the embryo survive when the amniotic fluid drops? 1 The embryo goes through this phase on day 17 of the incubation. To understand this better, let me show you a video. 2 Click the play button to view what happens on day 17. 3

  32. Egg Hatching

  33. Egg Hatching Sandra, how does the chick get ready to hatch? 1 And, how does the hatching take place? 2 Sure, would love to explain. 3 • By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • Describe the hatching position of the chick. • Explain the egg hatching process. 4

  34. Preparing for Hatching Let’s take a look at the normal hatching position. 1. The front of the body is set towards the large end of the egg 2. Head is set under the right wing 3. The legs are up under the head

  35. The Hatching Process Let me explain to you about the egg hatching process Internal pip into air cell External pip to start cracking the shell

  36. Embryo Loss

  37. Embryo Loss Sandra, do all fertile eggs yield chicks at the end of the incubation process? 1 Not always, the embryo might die for several reasons. We will discuss about the reasons shortly. 2 • By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • Identify the reasons for embryo loss. • Identify the tool used to ascertain the time of embryo mortality. 3

  38. Categorizing Embryo Loss There are several reasons for embryo loss. Let’s take a look at each one of them. Cracks in the egg – farm or transfer Cull chicks and cull eggs • Contamina-tion • Bacterial or Fungal Infertile Pipped / Unhatched • Embryonic Mortality • Early – 1-7 days • Mid – 8-14 days • Late – 15-21 days

  39. Egg Residue Breakout To analyze the time of embryo mortality, the egg residue breakout or a break out analysis should be performed. The Hatchery Management tool is used to open unhatched eggs to determine the moment the embryonic development stopped. Performing egg residue breakouts depend on the knowledge level of embryo development and mortality. Note: Knowledge of normal embryology is KEY to determine the timing of embryo mortality.

  40. Check Your Understanding

  41. Check Your Understanding I had a great time taking you through the course. To check your understanding of the learning concepts, you need to answer five simple questions. Click the Start button when you are ready. Start >>

  42. Check Your Understanding 1. Where does fertilization occur in chickens? Select the correct option and click Submit. Ovary Isthmus Infundibulum Cloaca Submit

  43. Check Your Understanding 2. Identify the approximate age of the unhatched embryo from a egg residue breakout. Select the correct option and click Submit. 12 days 14 days 16 days 18 days Submit

  44. Check Your Understanding 3. What is the main function of the Allantois? Select the correct option and click Submit. Exchange gasses between the embryo and the outside environment Moves nutrients from the yolk sac to the growing embryo Cleans the waste products from the embryo and deposits it in the yolk sac Supplies water source for the chick to prevent dehydration Submit

  45. Check Your Understanding 4. On which day of the incubation does the chick assume the proper head position to hatch? Select the correct option and click Submit. Day 16 Day 18 Day 19 Day 24 Submit

  46. Check Your Understanding 5. The image shows a chick in the beginning stages of the hatching process. Which of the following statements would be true about this chick. Select the correct option and click Submit. The chick is only minutes from hatching out of the shell The lungs are functioning and the chick is breathing oxygen through the lungs The egg tooth falls off at this point because pipping has taken place The allantois is still functioning as the lungs and the chick will not have pulmonary respiration until fully hatched Submit

  47. Recap

  48. Recap You have reached the end of this course. Let’s recap the key learning points. 1 The reproductive system of an hen is divided into two main sections, the ovary and the oviduct. Fertilization happens in the infundibulum. 2 The egg is formed gradually over a period of about 25 hours in the hen's reproductive system. 3 4 Eggs should be gradually cooled to 66-70°F (19-21°C) in the egg storage room at the hatchery. The knowledge of embryology is critical to determine the timing of embryo mortality and efficient operation of modern broiler hatcheries. 5

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