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CASE # 7 Feline Leukemia

CASE # 7 Feline Leukemia. PATIENT PRESENTATION. PATIENT PRESENTATION. SIGNALMENT: ~2-3yr old intact male DSH PRESENTING COMPLAINT: cat seems to have lost weight in the last few months and seems lethargic Hx: unknown, client feeds this stray cat who is very friendly. PATIENT PRESENTATION.

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CASE # 7 Feline Leukemia

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  1. CASE # 7Feline Leukemia

  2. PATIENT PRESENTATION

  3. PATIENT PRESENTATION • SIGNALMENT: ~2-3yr old intact male DSH • PRESENTING COMPLAINT: cat seems to have lost weight in the last few months and seems lethargic • Hx: unknown, client feeds this stray cat who is very friendly.

  4. PATIENT PRESENTATION • PHYSICAL EXAM • BCS: 2/5 • Temp:103.1, HR: 160, RR: 30 • Enlarged mandibular lymph nodes and popliteal lymph nodes (see pic below) • Firm, mid-abdominal mass palpated Enlarged popliteal lymph node Lbah.com

  5. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • CBC/SERUM CHEMISTRIES • ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHS • FeLV/FIV Test • All cats that go outdoors or come from unknown backgrounds should be tested for FeLV and FIV when first examined by a veterinarian

  6. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • CBC • Nonregenerative anemia • Leukopenia – this virus can affect the bone marrow resulting in feline panleukopenia-like syndrome • FeLV ELISA • positive

  7. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TUMOR OF THE THYMUS – WOULD OCCUR IN A YOUNG ANIMAL INFECTED WITH FeLV

  8. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

  9. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

  10. TRANSMISSION & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Feline Leukemia is a retrovirus and is associated with both neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease • Lymphoma is the most common neoplastic disease – tumors can occur in the thymus, GI tract, or lymph nodes throughout the body • Other clinical signs • Secondary infections • Wt. loss • Anorexia • Neurologic signs • Spontaneous abortion

  11. TRANSMISSION & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • TRANSMISSION: • The most likely route of infection is through continued intimate contact such as grooming, sharing food and water bowls (virus shed in saliva, urine, tears) – this is horizontal transmission • The virus can also be transmitted to neonates in utero and through the milk of infected queens – this is vertical transmission

  12. TRANSMISSION & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF FeLV INFECTION • 1. REGRESSIVE INFECTION - Cat may mount an immune response, clear the virus, and become resistant to future infection • 2. PROGRESSIVE INFECTION - some cats fail to mount an effective immune response, become persistently viremic, and succumb to FeLV-associated diseases • 3. the virus is cleared from the plasma or serum but persists in a latent form in the bone marrow or lymphatic tissue. • Outcome depends on: • Age, immunocompetence, concurrent disease, viral strain, dose, duration of exposure

  13. TREATMENT • NO CURE for FeLV • IMMUNOMODULATING DRUGS • Human interferon-α – interferes with viral replication • Acemannan – from the aloe vera plant is known to have antiviral, immunostimulant, and antineoplastic properties • Proprionibacterium acnes – killed form of this bacteria can be given to stimulate the immune system to fight disease • ANTIVIRAL DRUGS -*can be toxic to bone marrow in cats • AZT – antiretroviral • ANTIBIOTICS • POSSIBLE CHEMOTHERAPY

  14. CLIENT INFO & PROGNOSIS • FeLV positive cats should be retested 3-4 months after initial test • FeLV cats should be isolated from all other cats • FeLV cats should be kept indoors • FeLV cats should have reduced stress and regular vaccination and veterinary check-ups • Life expectancy is approximately 2 years after diagnosis

  15. CASE #8Feline Immundeficiency Virus

  16. PATIENT PRESENTATION

  17. PATIENT PRESENTATION • SIGNALMENT: ~4-5yr old, intact, male, DMH • PRESENTING COMPLAINT: inappetant, hypersalivation, lethargy. Cat has had recurrent bouts of skin infections and respiratory disease for several years. • Hx: indoor/outdoor cat, has not had vaccinations in over 3 years. Cat has had a few fights with other neighborhood cats over the years.

  18. PATIENT PRESENTATION • PHYSICAL EXAM: • Gingivitis, stomatitis • Wt. loss • Temp: 103.5, HR: 200, RR:36 • Mm: pale , CRT: 2sec • Other clinical signs may include: • Gingivitis, stomatitis • Chronic fever • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Chronic URI • cachexia • Chronic, unresponsive skin/ear infections

  19. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS • CBC/SERUM CHEMISTRIES • FeLV/FIV ELISA • All unvaccinated outdoor cats should be tested for these diseases as they are contagious and without cure

  20. DIAGNOSTIC TEST RESULTS • CBC • Anemia, lymphopenia • ELISA positive • THIS IS AN ANTIBODY TEST, not antigen – there will be interference by maternal antibodies and vaccination!

  21. TRANSMISSION • TRANSMISSION • Most infections are acquired through horizontal transmission among adult male, sexually intact cats • Fight and bite wounds appear to be the major route of transmission. • It is possible to transmit the virus vertically to neonatal kittens, but the virus is not easily transmitted this way.

  22. TREATMENT • SEE FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS • DENTAL SURGERY • Whole mouth extraction of teeth may be necessary in cats with chronic stomatitis and gingivitis

  23. CLIENT INFO & PROGNOSIS • Although FIV is morphologically and biochemically similar to HIV, it poses no threat to humans • Infected cats may survive for prolonged periods before experiencing advanced stages of the disease • Some may be asymptomatic for 10+ yrs • Keep FIV pos cats indoors • Keep FIV pos cats free of stress and concurrent disease

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