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Birth and the Newborn Baby

Birth and the Newborn Baby. The Three Stages of Birth. The stages of childbirth. Dilation and effacement of the cervix Delivery of the baby Birth of the placenta. Assessing the newborn ’ s physical condition: The Apgar Scale(p133). A ppearance P ulse G rimace 表情 A ctivity R espiration.

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Birth and the Newborn Baby

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  1. Birth and the Newborn Baby

  2. The Three Stages of Birth

  3. The stages of childbirth • Dilation and effacement of the cervix • Delivery of the baby • Birth of the placenta

  4. Assessing the newborn’s physical condition:The Apgar Scale(p133) Appearance Pulse Grimace表情 Activity Respiration

  5. Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth • Classes • Relaxation & Breathing Techniques • Labor Coach • Social support

  6. Medical Interventions in Childbirth(p137) • Fetal Monitoring • Medication • Analgesics（止痛剂） • Anesthetics（麻醉剂） • Instrument Delivery • Induced Labor • Cesarean Delivery（剖腹产）

  7. Instrument Delivery

  8. Birth complications:Anoxia（缺氧症） • Oxygen deprivation at birth. • Can lead to brain damage or later cognitive, language problems • Cerebral palsy（脑瘫） • Causes include: • Squeezing by umbilical cord（脐带挤压） • Placenta abruption（胎盘剥离） • Failing to breathe after birth • Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

  9. Low Birth Weight and Disabilities

  10. Preterm Born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy. Small-for-Date May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected weight for length of pregnancy. Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies

  11. Interventions for Preterm Infants(p142) • Isolette（早产婴儿保育箱） • Respirator（呼吸器） • Feeding tube • Intravenous medication • 静脉注射 • Special Infant Stimulation • Parent Training in Caregiving

  12. Benefits of “Kangaroo Care”

  13. Infant Mortality Around the World

  14. Eye Blink Sucking Swimming Moro惊跳反射（莫罗反射） Palmar Grasp抓握反射（达尔文发射） Tonic Neck强直的颈反射 Stepping行走反射 Babinski足趾反射（巴宾斯基反射） Newborn Reflexes

  15. Stepping

  16. Palmar Grasp

  17. Infant States of Arousal • Regular Sleep • Irregular Sleep • Drowsiness • Quiet Alertness • Waking Activity and Crying

  18. Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby • Hold on shoulder and rock or walk • Swaddle • Pacifier • Ride in carriage, car, swing • Combine methods • Let cry for short time

  19. Newborn Sense of Touch • Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals • Sensitive to pain • Pain can affect later behavior • Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding

  20. Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell • Prefer sweet tastes at birth • Quickly learn to like new tastes • Have odor preferences from birth • Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

  21. Newborn Sense of Hearing • Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth • Prefer complex sounds to pure tones • Learn sound patterns within days • Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language

  22. Newborn Sense of Vision • Least developed of senses at birth • Unable to see long distances, focus clearly • Scan environment and try to track interesting objects • Color vision improves in first two months

  23. Adjustments to Parenthood(p157) • Physical • Schedule • Financial • Time • Gender roles • Parents’ relationship • Pre-birth counseling • Interventions for high-risk couples

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