Class Verse Psalm 139:14

1. Class VersePsalm 139:14 I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made;        your works are wonderful,        I know that full well.

2. Chapter 1Organization of the Human Body

3. I. Anatomy and Physiology A. Anatomy 1. The study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. 2. We learn hands on – anatomy means “up” “cut” – or literally to cut up. B. Define Physiology 1. The study of the functions of an organism and its parts. 2. Greek for “study of nature”

4. II. Divisions of Anatomy • A. Gross anatomy - study of the body and its parts using only the naked eye

5. B. Microscopic anatomy - study of body parts using a microscope • 1. Cytology —study of cells • 2. Histology —study of tissues

6. C. Developmental anatomy - study of human growth and development • D. Pathological anatomy - study of diseased body structures • E. Systemic anatomy - study of the body by systems

7. III. Levels of Organization • Your Continent • Your Hemisphere • Your Planet • Your Solar System • Your Galaxy • Your Quadrant • Your Universe • Your House • Your Street • Your Neighborhood • Your City • Your County • Your State • Your Nation

9. A. Chemical level —basis for life • 1. Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving material • 2. Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm

10. B. Cellular level • 1. Cells —smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life • 2. Cell —nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane • 3. Cells differentiate to perform unique functions • 4. Cells contain organelles to perform specific functions.

11. C. Tissue level • 1. Tissue —an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function • 2. Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix • 3. Four major tissue types: • a. Epithelial tissue – covers body parts • b. Connective tissue – bone, cartilage, blood • c. Muscle tissue – skeletal, cardiac, smooth • d. Nervous tissue – brain, nerves

12. D. Organ level • 1. Organ —organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function • 2. Each organ has a unique function, size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body

13. E. System level • 1. Systems —most complex organizational units of the body • 2. System level involves varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions

14. F. Organism level • The living human organism is greater than the sum of its parts

15. Assign Systems Report • 12 font • Single space • Between 1.5 and 2 pages • 1” indent on left and right • 1.25” indent from top and bottom • 3 references (cited) • Turn in to drop box on the class website by midnight Saturday, Sept. 1

16. IV. Life Processes • Metabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction Liberty Christian Anatomy Students Discover Life in Cafeteria! AmazingDiscovery! INSIDE: How We Knew It!

17. A. Metabolism —sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body. • 1. Includes the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones • a. proteins in food are split into amino acids • 2. The building up of complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones • a. The amino acids are used as the building blocks that can be used to build new proteins that make up muscles and bones

18. B. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment. • 1. permits an organism to sense and respond to external stimuli • C. Movement – • 1. motion of the whole body • 2. individual organs – the coordinated action of muscles allows you to move from one place to another • 3. single cells – when a body tissue is damaged or infected, certain white blood cells help to clean up and repair the area

19. D. Growth – • 1. an increase in body size • a. increase in size of existing cells • b. the number of cells increases • c. the amount of material surrounding the cells increases • E. Differentiation – the process where unspecialized cells become specialized. • F. Reproduction • 1. The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement • 2. The production of a new individual

20. V. Interaction of Structure and Function • - the structure of the body often determines how it functions (respiratory problems, obesity, anorexia, etc) • A. Body Type (somatotype or physique) and disease – body shape/fat content is affected by gender, ago, exercise, and diet • 1. endomorph – heavy in the middle • a. apple shape – large waistline – fat deposited here breaks down and enters the blood stream – can lead to heart disease, stroke, high BP, breast cancer, etc.

21. b. Pear shaped – large hips, thighs, rear. This fat is not metabolically active, so the good news is that this fat doesn’t break down and enter the blood stream to cause health problems – but the bad news is that since it is not metabolically active, it doesn’t come off easy. • 2. Mesomorph – Ken and Barbie look – muscular build • 3. Ectomorph – thin, lean body types

22. VI. Homeostasis • A. Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body—internal environment around body cells remains constant.

23. B. Examples of homeostasis: • 1. Temperature regulation • 2. Regulation of blood carbon dioxide level • 3. Regulation of blood glucose level

24. VII. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • A. Devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops • B. Basic components of control mechanisms • 1. Sensor mechanism —specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal • 2. Control center—information is analyzed and integrated, and then, if needed, a specific action is initiated • 3.Effector mechanism —effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables • 4. Feedback —process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

26. VIII. Anatomical Position • A. Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward • B. Head and feet pointing forward

28. Anatomical Position • Bilateral symmetry is a term meaning that right and left sides of body are mirror images • Bilateral symmetry confers balanced proportions • Remarkable correspondence of size and shape between body parts on opposite sides of the body

29. Body Regions Stomach Nose Mouth Face Back/Top Front/Bottom Upper arm Wrist Head Thigh Abdominal Nasal Oral Facial Dorsal Ventral Brachial Carpal Cephalic Femoral

30. Body Cavities • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity • Right and left pleural cavities • Mediastinum • Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal cavity • Pelvic cavity

31. Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity • Spinal cavity

32. Body Regions • Appendicular subdivision • Upper extremity and subdivisions • Lower extremity and subdivisions

33. Body Regions Abdominal regions • Right hypochondriac region • Epigastric region • Left hypochondriac region • Right lumbar region • Umbilical region • Left lumbar region • Right iliac (inguinal) region • Hypogastric region • Left iliac (inguinal) region

34. Body Regions • Abdominopelvic quadrants • Right upper quadrant • Left upper quadrant • Right lower quadrant • Left lower quadrant

35. Terms Used in Describing Body Structure • Directional terms (Figure 1-9) • Superior • Inferior • Anterior (ventral) • Posterior (dorsal) • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial • Deep

36. Terms Used in Describing Body Structure • Directional terms (Figure 1-9) • Superior • Inferior • Anterior (ventral) • Posterior (dorsal) • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial • Deep

37. Body Planes and Sections • Planes are lines of orientation along which cuts or sections can be made to divide the body, or a body part, into smaller pieces

38. Mechanisms of Disease • Genetic - altered or mutated genes • Pathogenic - disease-causing organisms • Tumors and Cancer - neoplasms - abnormal tissue growth

39. Mechanisms of Disease • Physical and chemical agents • Malnutrition • Autoimmunity - immune system attacks the body • Inflammation • Degeneration

40. Appendix A Chemistry of Life

41. I. Basic Chemistry • A. Elements and compounds – 96% of the body is made of 4 elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

42. II. Organic and Inorganic Compounds • “rule of thumb”- organic contains carbon, inorganic does not • A. Inorganic Molecules- water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes

43. 1. Water • “cradle of life” because all living organisms require H2O to survive • Every cell is bathed in watery fluid (surrounds it) and cytoplasm is made largely of water • It is 70% of bodyweight

44. a. Properties of water • 1. Acts as a solvent – things will dissolve in it. This makes it a good transporter of oxygen, food substances, etc. • 2. Absorbs and gives off heat slowly – therefore helps maintain constant body temperature

45. 2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Cellular respiration where oxygen is used to break down the nutrients within the cell in order to release energy. (this is the exception to the “rule of thumb” that inorganic compounds have no carbon in them)

46. 3. Electrolytes • Are acids, bases and salts • A. Acids and bases – early chemists characterized acids and bases by tasting them. Acids taste sour and bases bitter. • 1. Acids – any substance that will release H+ ions or are proton donors (example: HCl – hydrochloric acid in stomach)

47. 2. Bases – “proton acceptors”, so they have a lower concentration of H ions in solution. (example: biocarbonate ion transports respiratory gases. • 3. pH scale – way to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution – logarithmic scale (meaning 10 fold) • Scale is 0-14 with neutral 7 (water). <7=acidic, >7=basic

48. b. Salts – mineral salt electrolytes such as calcium (important for muscle contraction), potassium and sodium (important for nerve impulse)

49. c. If output (ie:diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating) exceeds input, then dehydration occurs. This causes skin to loose elasticity. Test for dehydration = “tenting” occurs when fold of skin is pinched. • Give electrolytes to fix = Gatorade, Pedialyte

50. d. Homeostatic mechanism that tells your body that then electrolyte concentration is off = thirst.