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Chapter 15

Chapter 15 . The Family. Chapter Outline. The Nature of Families Perspectives on the Family Dynamics of Mate Selection and Marriage The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience. The Nature of Families.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 The Family

  2. Chapter Outline • The Nature of Families • Perspectives on the Family • Dynamics of Mate Selection and Marriage • The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience

  3. The Nature of Families • In all known societies almost everyone is socialized within a network of family rights and obligations. • In simple societies, many essential functions are performed by the family. • In modern societies, most functions traditionally performed by the family are performed by other social institutions.

  4. Social Goals of The Family • Control of Reproduction • Socialization of new generations • “Social placement” of children in the institutions of the larger society

  5. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  6. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  7. The Family: Institutional Differentiation

  8. Defining the Family • A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. • Nuclear family refers to 2 or more people related by conjugal ties or adoption who share a household. • The nuclear family in which a person is born is the family of orientation. • The nuclear family formed through marriage or cohabitation is the family of procreation.

  9. Defining the Family • A conventional nuclear family, with a father, mother, and two children.

  10. Defining the Family • An extended family, with three generations of family members, including aunts, uncles, and cousins.

  11. Traditional Family • The family of two parents and their children is no longer the typical American family. • There have been dramatic increases in alternative households: • Women raising children alone • Households of unrelated single people • Women and men living alone • Unmarried same-sex couples

  12. Households by Type: (% distribution)

  13. Trends in Single-Parent and Two-Parent Families with Children Under Age 18

  14. Kinship Diagram • This diagram shows the family relationships of a hypothetical individual, Ego. Ego was born and socialized in a family of orientation. Ego formed a family of procreation.

  15. Families and the Economy • In the United States and most urban industrial nations, increasing numbers of married women with children are in the labor force. • Families need the income women earn and women with high-level skills wish to pursue careers. • In families in which both parents work, time pressures on the family increase. • As family members work longer hours, role conflicts and stresses within the family also increase.

  16. Percentage of Mothers in the Labor Force

  17. Types of U.S. Married-Couple Households

  18. Effects of the Recession

  19. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  20. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  21. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  22. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  23. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Pantry and Food Stamp Participants

  24. Profiles of Single-Mother Food Stamp Participants

  25. Glick’s Family Life Cycle • Family formation: first marriage • Start of childbearing: birth of first child • End of childbearing: birth of last child • “Empty nest”: marriage of last child • “Family dissolution”: death of one spouse

  26. Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, United States

  27. Stages of the Family Life Cycle Stage 1: Between families Stage 2: Joining of families through marriage Stage 3: The family with young children Stage 4: The family with adolescents Stage 5: Launching children and moving on Stage 6: The family in later life

  28. Stage 1: Between families • Emotional Process: Accepting parent–child separation • Changes In Family Status: • Differentiation of self in relation to family of origin • Development of intimate peer relationships • Establishment of self in work

  29. Stage 2: Joining of Families Through Marriage • Emotional Process: Commitment to new system • Changes In Family Status: • Formation of marital system • Realignment of relationships with extended families and friends to include spouse

  30. Stage 3: The Family With Young Children • Emotional Process: Accepting new generation of members into the system • Changes In Family Status: • Adjusting marital system to make space for children • Taking on parenting roles • Realignment of relationships with extended family

  31. Stage 4: The Family With Adolescents • Emotional Process: Increasingly flexible boundaries to include children’s independence • Changes In Family Status: • Shift in relationships so adolescents can move in and out of the system • Refocus on marital and career issues • Beginning shift to concerns for older generation

  32. Stage 5: Launching Children and Moving on • Emotional Process: Accepting multiple exits from and entries into the family system • Changes In Family Status: • Renegotiation of marital system as a dyad • Development of adult relationships between children and parents • Realignment of relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren • Dealing with disabilities and death of parents

  33. Stage 6: The Family in Later Life • Emotional Process: Shifting generational roles • Changes In Family Status: • Maintaining interests in face of physiological decline; exploring new role options. • A more central role for middle generation. • Making room in the system for the wisdom and experience of the elderly. • Dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, and other peers, and preparation for own death.

  34. Theoretical Perspectives

  35. Theoretical Perspectives

  36. Child Care Arrangements

  37. Mate Selection and Marriage • In all cultures mate selection is carried out according to basic rules of bargaining and exchange. • Important factors include: • Knowing who controls the marriage contract • What values each family tries to maximize in the contract • How the society’s stratification system shapes the exchange process

  38. Arranged Marriage Factors in the negotiations between families: • Family prestige • Wealth • Physical attractiveness of the bride and groom

  39. Homogamy • The tendency to marry a person similar to oneself in social background. • Homogamy generally serves to maintain the separateness of racial and religious groups.

  40. Mate Selection • Theory of Complementary Needs • People who fall in love tend to be alike in social characteristics but different in their psychological needs. • Theory of emotional reciprocity • Blau’s theory that relationships usually flourish when people feel satisfied with the exchanges between them.

  41. Cohabitation • Cohabitation before marriage, does not result in greater marital stability. • Within 10 years of the wedding, 38% of those who had lived together before marriage had divorced, compared to 27% of those who had married without cohabiting beforehand.

  42. Lesbian and Gay Families • There is substantial evidence that growing up in a lesbian or gay family does not have a negative influence on child development. • The 2000 Census included data on 601,209 gay and lesbian families: • 304,148 were gay male families and 297,061 were lesbian families. • These families were living in 99.3% of all U.S. counties.

  43. Sources Of Marital Instability • Inadequate role performance, including disputes over the division of household duties. • The couple met “on the rebound.” • One partner wants to live at a great distance from his or her family of orientation. • The spouses’ family backgrounds are different in terms of race, religion, education, or social class.

  44. Sources of Marital Instability • The couple is dependent on one of the extended families for income, shelter, or emotional support. • The couple married after knowing each other less than 6 months or an engagement of over 3 years. • Unstable marital patterns in extended family. • The wife became pregnant before or within the first year of marriage.

  45. The Impact of Divorce • Women suffer an average decline of about 30% in their income in the year after separation, while men experience a 10% increase. • Almost 40% of divorced mothers move within the first year after divorce, and another 20% move after a year, a rate far higher than that for married couples.

  46. The Black Family: A Case Study in Resilience • Data show that teen pregnancy, female-headed families, and children being raised in poverty are related to social class, rather than race. • However, more blacks are found in the lower income levels making these problems proportionally more serious for blacks. • The black family has shown surprising resilience. • Although within a given black family there may be households headed by single women, the extended family often provides substantial support.

  47. Birth Rate for Teenagers Age 15–17: United States

  48. Birth Rate for Teenagers Age 18–19: United States

  49. Quick Quiz

  50. 1. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the necessity of actually observing family dynamics firsthand in order to understand the behavior of members? • Conflict • Functionalist • Interactionist • rational-choice

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