Bell Ringer-SAQ Check

1. Bell Ringer-SAQ Check • Within your accountability group, check each of your team member’s SAQ from your homework assignment: • Document 1: Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” • Document 2: Joseph Keppler’s “Bosses of the Senate” • Explain the point of view of Document 1. • Explain the point of view of Document 2. • Which of the points of view do you agree with more? Use your understanding of Gilded Age arguments for and/or against capitalism and industrial consolidation to answer this question. • Give a point for each part that accurately answers the question using the ACE strategy. SFI should be used to support your classmate’s answer. Give feedback on why you may not have awarded a point for a particular part of your classmate’s answer.

3. Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins. Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Ga.

4. An Industrial Society-Labor Strife during theGilded Age (1877-1900) KC 6.1.II. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns. B. The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration; child labor also increased. C. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/ or directly confronting business leaders.

5. Labor conditions during the Gilded Age • U.S. had the highest rates of industrial accidents worldwide; in 1882 there were 675 laborers killed in work related accidents each week; in 1913 there were 25,000 factory deaths and 700,000 job related injuries • U.S. was the only industrialized nation in the world that had no workmen’s compensation • Breadwinners of many families were killed or maimed in industrial accidents

6. Labor conditions during the Gilded Age • Workers lost autonomy in factories—the new machinery took over tasks once performed by skilled workers; managers now made decisions about pace • Craft workers were replaced by jobs that could now be performed by anyone • By 1870, the majority of Americans now worked for wages • The average hourly wage was 22 cents; the average annual salary was $490 • Average work week was 60 hours, or 6 ten hour days • Most steelworks had 12 hour days, 7 days a week for an 84 hour work week

7. Labor conditions during the Gilded Age • Women in the workforce: • By 1900, women made up 17% of the industrial workforce • 20% of all women were wage earners (5 million) • For many working class families, two incomes were required for a minimum standard of living • Reformers considered women as being targets of exploitation and many felt it inappropriate that women work and a public issue • Overwhelmingly white; 75% under the age of 25 • Most were immigrants or the daughters of immigrants • Textile industry was the largest single industrial employer of women • Women worked for $6 to $8 a week • Average yearly male salary was $597; for a woman, $314

8. Labor conditions during the Gilded Age • Child labor--In 1870 there were 750,000 children between the ages of 10 and 15 employed in hazardous working conditions • In 1880 there were 1.8 million; 1 out of 6 children in the U.S. worked • In 1900 there were 2 million southern cotton mills; 25% of their workforce was below the age of 15 • Children as young as 8 were laboring alongside adults, 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. • By 1900, 10% of all girls age 10-15 had an industrial job; 20% of all boys

9. In response to the low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions, many workers joined laborunionstocollectivelybargainforimprovements

10. Labor Unions during the Gilded Age • Why was it difficult to organize unions: • Civic leaders were more concerned about property rights • Industrialized worker was new; the nation just came from an agrarian world • Immigrant workers came from various backgrounds; nativism increased • As socialism increased in Europe; Fear that all labor activity was a socialist threat to capitalism

11. Labor Unions during the Gilded Age • National Labor Union • Formed in Baltimore in 1866 as a federation of craft unions; considered the first labor union in U.S. • Group pushed for an 8 hour workday, “greenbackism”, equal rights for women and African Americans • Convinced Congress to pass an 8 hour workday for federal employees • Disbanded in 1872

12. Labor Unions during the Gilded Age • Knights of Labor • Founder was Uriah S. Stephens, a Philadelphia tailor • Started in 1869 and grew tremendously after 1873 depression began • One large union of all workers, skilled or unskilled, regardless of race or sex • Had a national platform by 1878-called for elimination of convict labor competition, eight hour workday, paper currency, equal pay for men and women

13. Labor Unions during the Gilded Age • Knights of Labor • Preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to put pressure on employer • 1879 Terrence Powderly succeeded Stephens • 1880s membership soared from 100,000 to 700,000 • 1886 group began to decline because of railroad strike failure and the outcome of the Haymarket affair

14. Among the first labor unions in America was the Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor was open to all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill

15. The most successful union was the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers The AFL only included skilled workers, but it used collective bargaining to gain better pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions for its union members Most workers were unskilled and ineligible to join the AFL

16. By the end of the Gilded Age, only 4% of all American workers were unionized

17. Labor Protests • Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • Haymarket Riot of 1886 • Homestead Strike 1892 • Pullman Strike 1893

18. Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • First major interstate strike in American history • In protest of wage cut, railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia walked off their jobs and blocked the tracks • Strikers became a mob and burned railroad property • Walkouts spread in 100s of cities (from Maryland to San Francisco) • 100 people killed and millions of $ in property damage • Greatest outbreak in Pittsburgh where public sympathy grew with the strikers • Over 2 day period 26 were killed when the militia was called in • Pittsburgh newspaper: “This may be the beginning of a great civil war in the country between labor and capital”

19. One of the tactics used by unions was to strike: Strikes were designed to stop production in order to force management to accept union demands Business leaders resisted strikes by hiring replacement workers or private police to break up strikes During some strikes, violence broke out

20. Haymarket Riot-1886 • Grew out of agitation for an 8 hour workday • In 1884, the Knights of Labor had set May 1, 1886 as the deadline for the start of an 8 hour workday in all trades • Chicago became center of movement; on May 3 International Harvester plant became the site of clash between strikers and policemen (1 striker was killed) • Anarchy leaders had an open meeting the following night at Haymarket Square to protest killing • As crowd was dispersing, a bomb was thrown at the police officers (killing one and wounding several); police fired back into the crowd • Trial marked by hysteria—7 anarchist leaders were sentenced to death despite lack of evidence against them

21. Haymarket Riot of 1886 • One of the German group members carried a membership card into the Knights of Labor; all 7 were sentenced to death • Caused break up of the Knights of Labor • Helped create a national law for thee arbitration of labor disputes • Helped start new kind of union—Industrial Union—an industry wide union of the skilled and unskilled

22. During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hr day; When violence broke out, public opinion turned against unions, viewing them as violent and “un-American”

23. Violence erupted in the Homestead Strike (1892) at Carnegie’s steel plant; Federal troops were called to re-open the factory with replacement workers

24. Homestead Strike • Bloody labor confrontation lasting 143 days in 1892 • Centered on Carnegie Steel's main plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania • Dispute between the National Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States and the Carnegie Steel Company over wages • the arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City and Chicago resulted in a fight in which 10 men—seven strikers and three Pinkertons—were killed and hundreds were injured. • Labor defeated

25. Pullman Strike of 1893 • Pullman, Illinois was a company town south of Chicago • During Panic of 1893, the owner of the Pullman Company, George Pullman cut wages and laid off 1/3 of his workers • He did not reduce the company house rents or store prices • The workers asked for help from the American Railway Union (ARU) and its president-Eugene V. Debs • ARU included all railroad workers (firemen, engineers, brakemen) in one union (combined all craft unions) • 150,000 members

26. Pullman Strike of 1893 • ARU offered to arbitrate the strike of Pullman workers; Pullman refused • Debs launched a boycott (any ARU members would refuse to run a train that included a Pullman car) • When railroads tried to fire ARU members, whole train crews went on strike; traffic stopped • President Cleveland sent in federal troops; U.S. attorney General got a federal injunction against Debs for, ironically violating the Sherman Anti-trust Act (boycott had restricted trade)

27. Eugene Debs was jailed for his role in the boycott and violent reaction; He would become a socialist …President Cleveland sent the army to end the strike; Strikers in 27 states resisted & dozens died

28. Lewis Hine • Photographer Lewis W. Hine (1874-1940) was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. • He studied sociology at Chicago and New York universities, becoming a teacher, then took up photography as a means of expressing his social concerns. • His first photo essay featured Ellis Island immigrants. • In 1908, Hine left his teaching position to become an investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Committee • In 1909, he published the first of many photo essays depicting working children at risk.

29. Homework: Lewis Hine Photographs Assignment • Access a collection of Lewis Hine’s photographs using the link found on the Unit 6 Resource page in Weebly • After accessing the site, choose one photograph to analyze using the HIPP strategy • Include a copy of your photograph, a citation and your analysis of the photograph on a word document • Use the Google folder link to upload your word document

30. Works Cited • Brinkley, Alan. American History-Connecting with the Past, 14th Edition • Tindal, George Brown and Shi, David E. America: A Narrative History. WW Norton and Company, 9th Edition.