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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Organisms and Their Relationships. Ecology . Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment . Biosphere. The part of earth were life exists Made of Lithosphere (rock part of Earth) Hydrosphere (water part of Earth)

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Organisms and Their Relationships

  2. Ecology • Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment Biosphere • The part of earth were life exists • Made of • Lithosphere (rock part of Earth) • Hydrosphere (water part of Earth) • Atmosphere (gas part of Earth)

  3. Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors • Biotic Factors • Living factors in an environment • Plants • Animals • _____________________ • _____________________ • _____________________ • Abiotic Factors • Non-living factors in an environment • Temperature • Salt concentration • ____________________ • _____________________ • _____________________

  4. Biological Hierarchy-levels of organization • Atom ……………………………(hydrogen) • Molecule …………………….(glucose) • Organelle …………………… (ribosome) • Cell ……………………………..(muscle) • Tissue ………………………….(muscle) • Organ ……………………………(heart) • Organ System ……………….(cardiovascular) • Organism ………………………(deer) • Population …………………….(NJ Deer) • Biological community ….(All living organisms in NJ) • Biome ……………………………(Deciduous Forest) • Biosphere ………………………(Earth)

  5. Organism- one member of a species • The lowest level of organization studied by an ecologist • What type of information can you get from studying a single organism?

  6. Population • All members of a single species in the same geographical location • What can we learn by studying a population? • What limits the size of a population?

  7. Biological Community • A group of populations that interact in the same biological community at the same time • Includes plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and protists

  8. Ecosystem • Living and nonliving factors in a geographic range • Range is defined by the scientist • It can change • Name two ecosystems in the picture

  9. Biome • All of the ecosystems that have the same climate • Climate – the prevailing weather pattern • What is our weather?

  10. Climate • The Earth’s surface is heated unequally • DUE TO THE TILT!!! • Three main areas • Polar • Temperate • Tropical

  11. Ecosystem Interactions • Organisms must use the resources available to them • EX: Different organisms may use a tree in a different way • Niche- the role an organisms has in an environment • Habitat- where an organisms lives

  12. Community InteractionsSymbiotic Relationships

  13. More Community Interactions

  14. Some Definitions (most of them you know) • Autotroph- self feeder • Heterotroph – other feeder • Herbivore- • Omnivore- • Carnivore- • Detritovores- heterotroph that eats dead things and returns the nutrients to the soil • Trophic Levels- feeding level • Find the troph in the words above and circle it.

  15. Food Chain • Model to show how energy flows

  16. Food Web • Shows feeding relationships • More complex than food chain • Contains several food chains

  17. Pyramid of Energy

  18. Pyramid of Biomass

  19. Nutrient Cycles • Nutrients cycle through the ecosystem • An abiotic factor • Needed for organisms to survive • Several Types • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Water • Carbon

  20. Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems

  21. Limiting Factors • Resource in least supply • Can be biotic or abiotic • Water • Food • Nutrients

  22. Range of Tolerance

  23. Ecological Succession • Primary Succession • Begins with bare rock • Ex. Lava Flow • Pioneer Community • Communities that are eventually replaced by other communities • Soil is developed • Takes a very long time • 1,000’s of years • Ends in a Climax Community- stable • Secondary Succession • Begins with a disrupted community • No organisms • Soil Present • Ex. Forest Fire • Pioneer Communities progress quickly • Ends in a Climax Community

  24. Succession in a Pond • Eventually the pond fills in with soil • Ponds go from: • Oligotrophic- little nutrients (energy) to • Eutrophic- much nutrients (energy)

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