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IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELD

IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELD. BY- Y K SAINI K V NO- 2 , BIKANER (JAIPUR REGION). Introduction Food is required for growth , repairing damaged tissues and cells. It helps to fight pathogens that enter our body.

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IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELD

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  1. IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELD BY- Y K SAINI K V NO-2, BIKANER (JAIPUR REGION)

  2. Introduction • Food is required for growth , repairing damaged tissues and cells. • It helps to fight pathogens that enter our body. • India is very populous country and for our growing population , we will soon need more than quarter of a billion tones of grains every year . • This can be done by farming on more land but India is already intensively cultivated as a result , we do not have any major scope for increasing the area of land under cultivation , therefore, it is necessary to increase our production efficiency for both crop and livestock.

  3. CROP PRODUCTION

  4. Improvement in Crop Yields • The Major groups of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as :- • Crop Variety Improvement • Crop Production Improvement • Crop Production Management

  5. Crop Variety Improvement • Hybridization: • Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. • It may be : • Inter-varietal • Inter-Specific • Inter-Generic • By introducing a gene that would provide the desired characteristics i.e. genetically modified crop

  6. Crop Production Improvement • Nutrient Management • Nutrients are supplied to plants by air ,water and soil

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRIENTS

  8. MANURE AND FERTILISERS • MANURE:- These are natural fertilizers which contain every nutrient required by the plant. It is prepared by the decomposition of animal and plant excreta. It includes farmyard manure (FYM), compost green manures, vermi-compost etc. • FYM includes the decomposed matter of cattle excreta, urine along with litter and left over matter such as roughage and fodder. • Compost refers to all the waste like vegetable peels, animal and plant excreta, sewage waste etc. • Green manuring refers growing, mulching by ploughing and green crops with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility. • Vermi-composting refers to putting of organic waste in soil and develop earthworms to replenish soil with nutrients.

  9. ADVANTAGES OF MANURE • It enriches the soil with nutrients, and replenishes the general deficiency of nutrients in the soil. • It adds humus to the soil which restores the soil texture for better retention of water and for aeration of soil. • Its organic matter provides food for bacteria and fungi.

  10. DISADVANTAGES OF MANURE • They are not specific in its action. • They are not easily portable. • It is not useful when a particular nutrient is required in the soil.

  11. FERTILIZERS • Fertilizers contain all the three critical elements which become deficient, viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are rich in a particular nutrient. It is an inorganic salt. • They are divided in four groups:- NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS:- It supplies the macro- nutrient nitrogen. Ex:- Urea, Ammonium Sulphate etc. PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of phosphorus. Ex:- Single Superphosphate, Triple Superphosphate,Dicalcium phosphate etc. POTASSIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of Potassium. Ex:- Potassium Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate. COMPLEX FERTILIZERS:- It contains more than one nutrient. Ex:- Nitro phosphate, Urea ammonium phosphate etc.

  12. SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURE • Sustainability means keeping an effort going continuously. This means to successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Our food production is divided into five revolutions:- Green revolution :- Bumper production of food grains. Blue Revolution :- Enhanced fish production. White revolution :- Increased milk production Yellow revolution:- Increased oil production Golden revolution:- Increased pulse production.

  13. ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Sustainable agriculture can be achieved by:- 1. Mixed farming 2.Inter-cropping 3.Crop rotation 4.Crop selection 5. Varietal improvement • Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls. • Protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base. • Optimizes the management and use of farm resources. • Reduces the use of non-renewable resources and purchased production inputs. • Provides an adequate and dependable form of income. • Promotes opportunity in family farming and farm communities.

  14. Organic FARMING • In these farming there is not a single use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides ,so, there is no toxicity due to pollution of crop plants, soil, water or air. In these farming biofertilizers, biopesticides and manure are used. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing organisms like bacteria and blue green algae and mineral solubilizing bacteria. Biopesticides kill the weeds, insects and pests. Examples:- azardirachtin (Morgosa or neem), pyrethrum (chrysanthemum), thurioside (bacterium- Bacillus thurigiensis)

  15. ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FARMING • It does not cause pollution of any component of our environment. • Farm wastes are recycled. • The foods obtained from organic farming are free from pesticides and toxic chemicals. • It maintains soil health. • It keeps insect pests and weeds under check.

  16. IRRIGATION • The process of supplying water to crop plant through human efforts by means of canals, wells, reservoirs, tube- wells, etc. is known as irrigation.

  17. ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION • It provides them two essential nutrients:- hydrogen and oxygen important for growth of growth of plant. • It provides sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds because plants don’t grow in dry soil. • It helps to increase aerial branches (tillers) In crop plants to get a good yield. • It helps in absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil. • Irrigation by rivers gives silt to soil enhancing soil fertility and crop yield. • In desert area it helps to reduce the salinity of the soil. • Irrigation by dams helps to control floods, generate hydro- electric power and improve the navigability of the rivers.

  18. MIXED CROPPING • It is the practice growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land. It minimizes the risk and insure against the crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions. • SOME COMBINATIONS:- 1. Maize + Urad Bean 2. Groundnut + Sunflower 3.Cotton + Moong Bean 4.Barley + Chick Pea 5. Wheat + Mustard 6. Wheat + Chick Pea

  19. INTER CROPPING • It is the practice of growing two or more simultaneously in a same field in definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area.

  20. CROP ROTATION • The growing of two crops alternatively is called crop rotation.

  21. ADVANTAGES OF CROP ROTATION • It controls pests and weeds . Pathogens can only survive for a short time. • It reduces the needs of fertilizers. • Several crops maybe grown in succession with only one soil preparation(ploughing). • The soil may be utilized more completely.

  22. Crop Production Management

  23. PESTS

  24. Weeds: Undesirable plants growing along with the main crop. Weedicides: Chemicals used to kill weeds.

  25. Thank you by- K. Y K SAINI

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