Chapter 17-Revolution and Enlightenment

1. Chapter 17-Revolution and Enlightenment Section 4-Colonial Empires and the American Revolution

2. Section 4-1 Colonial Empires and the American Revolution Main Ideas The colonies of Latin America and British North America were developing in ways that differed from their European mother countries.  The American colonies revolted against Great Britain and formed a new nation.  Key Terms mestizo  mulatto  federal system Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

3. Section 4-2 Colonial Empires and the American Revolution People to Identify Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz  Robert Walpole  Hanoverians  Places to Locate Brazil  Yorktown Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

4. Section 4-3 Colonial Empires and the American Revolution Preview Questions What were the chief characteristics of Latin American society?  What caused the American Revolution, and what did it accomplish? Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

5. Section 4-4 Colonial Empires and the American Revolution Preview of Events

6. Section 4-5 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

7. Section 4-6 Some believe that Crispus Attucks, a former slave, was the first American to fall during the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. He is generally considered the first man to have lost his life in the fight for American independence. His body lay in state for three days in Boston’s Faneuil Hall. In 1888 a monument honoring Attucks was unveiled in the Boston Commons.

8. Section 4-7 Colonial Empires in Latin America After the Spanish and Portuguese colonized the Americas, a new civilization arose that we call Latin America.  Colonies often developed differently from the parent country. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

9. Section 4-8 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) Latin America was a multiracial society.  Europeans and Native Americans intermarried; their offspring were known as mestizos.  Close to 8 million African slaves were brought to these countries.  Mulattoes–offspring of Europeans and Africans–were also part of the unique society of Latin America. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

10. Section 4-9 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) The Portuguese and Spanish sought ways to profit from their colonies.  One source of wealth was gold and silver, but farming was more lucrative in the long run.  An important feature of Latin American agriculture was the dominant role of the large landowner.  The system of large landowners and dependent peasants has remained a lasting part of Latin America. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

11. Section 4-10 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) Trade between the parent country and colony also was profitable.  Spain and Portugal both regulated their colonies to keep others out.  By the beginning of the eighteenth century, both France and Britain were getting too powerful to be kept out of the lucrative Latin American markets. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

12. Section 4-11 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) The colonies of Portuguese Brazil and Spanish Latin America lasted over three hundred years.  Colonial officials in Latin America had much freedom in carrying out their imperial policies. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

13. Section 4-12 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) The European rulers were determined to spread Christianity.  Catholic missionaries spread throughout the colonies.  They brought the Native Americans into missions, where the natives could be converted, taught trades, and encouraged to farm.  Missions allowed the missionaries to control the lives of the Native Americans. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

14. Section 4-13 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) The Catholic Church built schools in the colonies, where Native American students were taught the basics of reading and writing and arithmetic.  Women could enter convents to become nuns.  Many nuns worked outside their convents by running schools and hospitals.  One of these nuns, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, urged that women be educated. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

15. Section 4-14 Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a well-known Latin American literary figure.  She converted and entered the convent so she could write poetry and plays.  She had been rejected from the University of Mexico because she was a woman.  She died at the age of 43 while nursing the sick during an epidemic in Mexico City. (pages 536–538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

16. Section 4-16 Britain and British North America The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into being in 1707, when the governments of England and Scotland united.  The term British came to refer to the English and the Scots. (page 538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

17. Section 4-17 Britain and British North America (cont.) The monarch and Parliament shared power in eighteenth-century Britain.  Parliament was gradually getting the upper hand.  It had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and pass the budget. (page 538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

18. Section 4-18 Britain and British North America (cont.) A new dynasty, the Hanoverians,took power in 1714.  From the first Hanoverian king, George I, their chief ministers were allowed to handle Parliament and so were powerful.  Robert Walpole was prime minister from 1721 to 1742. (page 538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

19. Section 4-19 Britain and British North America (cont.) The middle class wanted Britain’s trade and empire expanded.  One place for expansion was North America, where Britain controlled Canada and 13 colonies on the eastern coast of the present United States.  Merchants in the colonial ports of Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston did not want the British government to run their affairs.  Colonies had their own legislatures and often acted independently. (page 538) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

20. Section 4-21 The American Revolution After the Seven Years’ War, Britain needed more revenue from the colonies.  In 1765 Parliament imposed the Stamp Act.  Printed material such as legal documents and newspapers had to carry a stamp showing that a tax had been paid to Britain.  After strong opposition, the act was repealed in 1766. (page 539) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

21. Section 4-22 The American Revolution (cont.) The American colonies and Great Britain had numerous crises throughout the 1770s.  The First Continental Congress convened in 1774.  Fighting between Britain and the colonists erupted at Lexington and Concord in 1775.  In 1776 the signing of Jefferson’s stirring Declaration of Independence formally declared the colonies’ intent to be independent. (page 539) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

22. Section 4-23 The American Revolution (cont.) The help of foreign countries was essential to the colonies’ cause.  France supplied arms and men and formally recognized the American state in 1777.  It supplied troops and arms, and the Spanish and Dutch joined in against Great Britain.  The volunteer American forces finally beat the well-trained professional British army after defeating Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781). (page 539) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

23. Section 4-24 The American Revolution (cont.) The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized the independence of the American colonies and gave the Americans control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. (page 539)

24. Section 4-26 The Birth of a New Nation The 13 former colonies were now states, having created a new social contract.  They had little interest in forming a country with a strong central government.  Each kept to its own affairs, as the weak Articles of Confederation showed.  Soon it was clear the government under the Articles lacked the power to deal with the new nation’s problems. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

25. Section 4-27 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) In 1787 delegates met to revise the Articles.  That meeting became the Constitutional Convention.  The delegates wrote a plan for a new national government. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

26. Section 4-28 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) The proposed Constitution created a federal system.  Power is shared between the national and state governments.  The national (federal) government had the power to levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade, and create a national currency. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

27. Section 4-29 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) The federal government was divided into three branches in a system of checks and balances.  The president (executive) had the power to execute laws, veto the legislature’s acts, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

28. Section 4-30 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) The second branch (the legislative) consisted of the Senate, elected by the state legislatures, and the House of Representatives, elected directly by the people.  The Supreme Court and other courts made up the third branch (judicial).  The courts were to enforce the Constitution as the “supreme law of the land.” (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

29. Section 4-31 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) The promise of a Bill of Rights helped get the Constitution adopted.  These 10 amendments guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly.  They gave Americans the right to bear arms and to be protected from unreasonable searches and arrests.  They guaranteed a trial by jury, due process of law, and the protection of property rights. (pages 539–540) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

30. Section 4-32 The Birth of a New Nation (cont.) Many of these rights were derived from the natural rights proposed by the eighteenth-century philosophes. (pages 539–540)

31. Chapter Summary 1 Chapter Summary As the Scientific Revolution and the ideas of the Enlightenment spread across Europe, innovations based on science and reason came into conflict with traditional beliefs, as shown in the chart below.

32. WWWW 1 Microscope and Telescope Two new instruments, the microscope and the telescope, made many of the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution possible. Since the 1600s, many improvements have been made in both. Research and report to the class on new types of microscopes developed in the twentieth century, including the electron microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope. Report on twentieth-century telescopes, such as camera telescopes and radio telescopes.

33. WWWW 3a Sans Souci Palace Frederick II planned and had built a one-story summer palace, Sans Souci. The name is French and means “without cares.” Sans Souci was the king’s favorite retreat. It was famous for its midnight suppers, at which Frederick surrounded himself with educated men. Many world leaders have retreats. Can you name and locate the retreat used by American presidents?

34. WWWW 3b St. Petersburg Czar Peter the Great gained control of the Neva River and Russian access to the Baltic coast in 1703. This date marks the birth of St. Petersburg, the grand capital built on a group of islands in the Neva. Peter the Great erected magnificent buildings that included churches, establishments of higher education, government offices, and museums. The city spawned many scientists, writers, and government officials. Today, St. Petersburg is a major Russian center of industry and tourism.

35. Maps and Charts 2

36. Maps and Charts 2a

37. Maps and Charts 3

38. Maps and Charts 5

39. MC 1-1

40. MC 1-2

41. MC 4a

42. MC 4b

43. MC 4c

44. MC 4d

45. Chapter Transparency

46. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 an unproven theory observation change it, discard it, or let it stand as is Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

47. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 that he might have taken scientific experimentation and/or theory to another level that he built upon the work of other scientists, and that without them, he would not have been able to develop his work gravity Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

48. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3 4 Peter III 1762–1796 Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

49. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4 Treaty of Paris 1774 ratification of the United States Constitution Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.