1 / 33

Prayer and Fasting Time for Nordic Countries

Prayer and Fasting Time for Nordic Countries . N O R W A Y. Trondheim. by Abdillah Suyuthi Former member of Imam Office MST Imam of Dar El Eman Islamic Center Trondheim, Norway. Oslo. Presented in the Monthly Seminar II MST Trondheim, 05 February 2011.

liseli
Download Presentation

Prayer and Fasting Time for Nordic Countries

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Prayer and Fasting Time for Nordic Countries N O R W A Y Trondheim by Abdillah Suyuthi Former member of Imam Office MST Imam of Dar El Eman Islamic Center Trondheim, Norway Oslo Presented in the Monthly Seminar II MST Trondheim, 05 February 2011 Muslim Society in Trondheim

  2. Presentation in front of the students at 17.12.2010 NTNU, Trondheim.

  3. Presentation in front of the students at 17.12.2010 NTNU, Trondheim.

  4. Meeting and discussion at IRN (Islamsk Råd Norge) at 21.01.2011 in Oslo. Attended by board members of IRN and Imams Masjid in Oslo.

  5. Meeting and discussion at IRN (Islamsk Råd Norge) at 21.01.2011 in Oslo. Giving presentation and fielding questions.

  6. First of all, let us realize the extremities location of the Nordic countries… Where is Norway? >57°North There are consequences: • The length of the day • The time for twilight rise/set & sun rise/set • The time difference between twilight rise/set & sun rise/set It’s indeed located at “very top” of the world! twilight = ashfaq

  7. 22 Trondheim 20 Length of the day (hour) Makkah 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Apr Jun Consequence #1: The Length of the Day 21.06 Realize the extremities location Trondheim: • The shortest: 4.5 hours. • The longest: 20.6 hours. 21.12 Note: The length of fasting is few hours longer than the length of the day. Makkah: • The shortest: 10.8 hours. • The longest: 13.5 hours.

  8. 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Twilight rise/set Trondheim Sunrise/set Trondheim Sunrise/set Makkah Twilight rise/set Makkah 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 Mar Mar May May Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec Jan Jan Feb Feb Apr Apr Jun Jun 14:00 Consequence #2: The Time for Twilight Rise/Set Time Twilight & Sun Rise Time Realize the extremities location There is a period of time, when the twilight never disappear from the night  NO perfect night. Twilight & Sun Set Time

  9. Fixed 90 mnts time difference Makkah Time difference Trondheim Time difference Makkah 5 4 3 2 1 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Jun Apr 0 Consequence #3: The Time Difference between Twilight Rise/Set Time and the Sunrise/Set Time Realize the extremities location Applying 1.5 hours time difference between the twilight rise/set time and the sunrise/set time for us here could be questionable. There is a period of time, when the twilight never disappear from the night  NO perfect night.

  10. EAST WEST 180 evening 180 morning From old prayer time schedules (during normal period)... While according to the shari’ah… It is a fixed 90 mnts! 90 mnts 90 mnts It is a fixed degree! Soloppgang Solnedgang Time Difference between Twilight Rise/Set Time and the Sunrise/Set Time

  11. But, why Umm Al-Quraa’ in Makkah decides to use a “fixed 90 mnts”, instead of fixed degree? Correction: ? Umm Al-Quraa’ only uses a fixed 90 mnts between Maghrib and Isha, NOT between Shubh and Sunrise. Difference between Shubh & Sunrise This is understandable, because: • In Makkah, a relatively constant difference (< 90 mnts) between Maghrib and Isha. • Umm Al-Qura’ assumes that all muslims pray Maghrib in the beginning of the time, not when the end of the time. The problem comes when the fixed 90 mnts was brought to the extreme latitude (Oslo, Trondheim), because: • The difference between Maghrib and Isha is vary throughout the year. • The difference is > 2.5 hours! • It means: setting up a fixed 90 mnts, leads to let muslims pray Isha before the time comes!

  12. It is understandable that Umm Al-Quraa’ does not fixed 90 mnts between Shubh and Sunrise, because: • It could lead to pray Shubh before the time comes. • It also related to the start of fasting, such that the muslims do not start their fasting earlier (unnecessary burden). The problem comes when the fixed 90 mnts was brought to the extreme latitude (Trondheim), because: • The difference between Shubh and Sunrise is vary throughout the year. • The difference is > 2.5 hours! • It is OK for having Shubh at 90 mnts before Sunrise, because it is still in Shubh time. • But, it also means: muslims start their fasting after Imsha’ (the forbidden-time) comes!

  13. Now, we all realize the extremities location of the Nordic countries and its consequences… >57°North Norway: There are consequences: • The length of the day • The time for twilight rise/set & sun rise/set • The time difference between twilight rise/set & sun rise/set twilight = ashfaq In turn, this lead us to the awareness of the period division throughout the year: NORMAL period and DIFFICULT period.

  14. 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Apr Jun Normal period vs difficult period… NO normal day & night: • NO sunrise/sunset, and/or • NO twilight rise/set NORMAL PERIOD DIFFICULT PERIOD Normal day & night: • Normal sunrise/sunset, and/or • Normal twilight rise/set Twilight & Sun Rise Time (Trondheim) 13.04 31.08 NORMAL NORMAL NO twilight rise/set DIFFICULT The limit of difficult period is determined based onthe existence of the red-twilight throughout the night.

  15. Normal period vs difficult period…Now, what Muslim scholars said about the NORMAL period? • The hadith scholar, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, mentioned in Fath al-Bari (2/62): "The [primary] texts pertain to common and normal circumstances and not to what is uncommon." • In the same book (2/199), he cites Imam Abu al-Fath ibn Sayed al-Nas al-Ya'mari, "Rulings are contingent upon what is common and not on what is uncommon." • The luminary and Hanafi scholar, Ibn 'Abdin, wrote in Rad al-Muhtar 'ala al-Dur al-Mukhtar (2/123): " … the general texts are construed in reference to what is prevalent and common and not in reference to what is uncommon and unknown.“ • Sheikh Ibn Taymiyah, the Hanbali scholar, mentioned in Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Misriyyah (1/38): "The [prayer] times, which Jibril (pbuh) taught the Prophet [pbuh], and which the Prophet [pbuh] taught his community, are those which the scholars mentioned in their books, and which refer to normal days.” Source: fatwa from Dar Al-Ifta Al Misriyyah 08.08.2010

  16. Thus, regarding the great Muslim scholars saying about normal period, we may conclude… CONCLUSION: During NORMAL period  use the ruling mentioned in the primary text, i.e.: • An-Nisa 103, • Al-Isra 78, • Hud 114, • Thaahaa 130, and • Hadith Jibril + other hadiths. • Please click this link if wanted to observe it! ? What is the astronomical phenomena related to the timing for prayer?

  17. Eastern horizon 180 FAJR/SUBH 5/60 Eastern horizon SUNRISE DHUHR The prayer time according to the shariah and corresponding astronomical phenomena. During NORMAL period • Fajr or Subh corresponds to the first appearance of a white light that spreads laterally across the horizon = true dawn (fajr shadiq). • Sunrise corresponds to the appearance of the highest point of the sun's disk on the eastern horizon. • Dhuhr corresponds to the sun passing its zenith - the highest point it will reach that day. This corresponds to the shortest shadow of an object [for that day].

  18. LS LSZ LO 1x 2x wustha The prayer time according to the shariah and corresponding astronomical phenomena. During NORMAL period ASR • Ashr corresponds to the position of the sun such that: • LS: length of the shadow. • LSZ: length of the object's shadow when the sun is at its zenith. • LO: length of the object. • The corresponding angle changes with respect to time and place. • An alternative time for Ashr, considering Ashr prayer as Wustha prayer, is the middle between Dhuhr and Maghrib. • LS = LSZ + LO • LS = LSZ + 2xLO

  19. Considering Ashr prayer as Wustha prayer based on the following hadith. حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ عَنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَنَسٍ قَالَ ح و حَدَّثَنَا الْأَنْصَارِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا مَعْنٌ حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ عَنْ الْقَعْقَاعِ بْنِ حَكِيمٍ عَنْ أَبِي يُونُسَ مَوْلَى عَائِشَةَ قَالَ أَمَرَتْنِي عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا أَنْ أَكْتُبَ لَهَا مُصْحَفًا فَقَالَتْ إِذَا بَلَغْتَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ فَآذِنِّي { حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى } فَلَمَّا بَلَغْتُهَا آذَنْتُهَا فَأَمْلَتْ عَلَيَّ حَافِظُوا عَلَى الصَّلَوَاتِ وَالصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى وَصَلَاةِ الْعَصْرِ وَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ قَانِتِينَ وَقَالَتْ سَمِعْتُهَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَفِي الْبَاب عَنْ حَفْصَةَ قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ Qutaibah had told us, from Malik bin Anas, he said: Al Anshari had told us, Ma'nu had told us, Malik had told us, from Zaid bin Aslam, from Al Qa'qa' bin Hakim from Abu Yunus ex-servant of 'Aishah, he said: 'Aishah radliallahu 'anha ordered me to write a mushaf for her, she said: “When you arrive at this ayat, tell me: “Keep all of (your) prayers and (keep) Shalat Wustha.” QS. Al Baqarah 238. When I arrive at the ayat, I told her. She dictated me: “Keep all of (your) prayers and (keep) Shalat Wustha and Asr prayer, stand up for Allah (in your prayer) with khusyu’.” Aishah said:”I heard this from Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam.”” In this matter, there is similar hadith from Hafshah. Abu Isa said this hadith is hasan shahih. narrated by Imam Tirmidzi

  20. Duhr Ashr Subh Maghrib Isha’ Considering Ashr prayer as Wustha prayer based on the following hadith. حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ حَدَّثَنَا رَوْحٌ حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامٌ عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَبِيدَةَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَقِ مَلَأَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَقُبُورَهُمْ نَارًا كَمَا شَغَلُونَا عَنْ صَلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى حَتَّى غَابَتْ الشَّمْسُ narrated by Imam Bukhari in his Shahih Ishaq had told us, Rauh had told us, Hisyam had told us, from Muhammad from 'Abidah from Ali ra that the Prophet PBUH said at the War of Trench: "May Allah fulfill their houses and graves with fire because they have occupied us until (unable to perform) Al Wustha prayer (Asr) till sunset." What about astronomically?

  21. Western horizon 180 ISHA 5/60 Western horizon MAGHRIB The prayer time according to the shariah and corresponding astronomical phenomena. During NORMAL period • Maghrib corresponds to the complete disappearance of the sun's disk below the Western horizon. • Isha corresponds to the disappearance of red twilight. This corresponds to the sun being 18 degrees below the western horizon.

  22. However, there are different conventions for calculating prayer times. What about Norway? Which one we will adopt?

  23. Normal period vs difficult period…Now, what Muslim scholars said about DIFFICULT period? • Sheikh Ibn Taymiyah, the Hanbali scholar, mentioned in Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Misriyyah, “There is a different ruling for the day of which the Prophet said will extend to the length of one year. Concerning this day, he said, "Estimate [the timings of prayer].“ • Imam Mohammed Abdou - the former Grand Mufti of Egypt- (as cited by his student Sheikh Mohammed Rashid Reda in Tafseer al-Manar [2/163]) said: “The Prophet [pbuh] specified prayer times based on the hours that suit countries with moderate hours and which constitute the greater part of the world. This was the norm until Islam reached those countries where day and night is longer than usual. Muslims living in these countries may estimate prayer times depending on their independent reasoning and in analogy to the timings specified by the Prophet [pbuh] in the hadith of al-Dajjal. The same applies to fasting.” Source: fatwa from Dar Al-Ifta Al Misriyyah 08.08.2010

  24. So, what are the Muslim scholars opinions about the estimated time during DIFFICULT period? • One opinion stated that the times for starting and ending a fast (and prayers) must be estimated based on the timings of the cities with moderate hours where religious rulings were prescribed (i.e. Mecca and Medina). • Another opinion stated that the times for starting and ending a fast (and prayers) should be estimated according to the timings of the nearest country with moderate hours. • This is problematic to be applied… Source: fatwa from Dar Al-Ifta Al Misriyyah 08.08.2010

  25. Therefore… Sheikh Gad al-Haq, the former Grand Imam of al-Azhar, said: “I call upon Muslims living in Norway and other countries with similar circum-stances to fast the same number of hours as Muslims in Mecca or Medina.” Modern scholars who has the same opinion, include: • Sheikh Mohammed Abdou, the first to hold the office of Grand Mufti of Egypt. He favored this opinion which he derived from juristic opinions on this issue as mentioned earlier. This is likewise the opinion that was implemented later by Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah. • Sheikh Gad al-Haq Ali Gad al-Haq (in fatwa no. 214 for the year 1981 CE). • Sheikh Abdul Latif Hamza (in fatwa no. 160 for the year 1984 CE). • Dr. Mohammed Sayed Tantawi (in fatwa no. 171 for the year 1993 CE and in fatwa no. 579 for the year 1995 CE). • Dr. Nasr Farid Wasil (in fatwa no. 438 for the year 1998). • Dr. Ali Goma Mohammed, the current Grand Mufti of Egypt. • Dr. Mohammed al-Ahmadi abu al-Nur, former Minister of Endowments and member of the Islamic Research Academy, in the fatwa issued on 24 April 1983 CE by the Fatwa Committee at al-Azhar in his capacity as president of the Committee. • The luminary Sheikh Mustafa al-Zarka. • Dr. Mohammed Hamidullah in his book Al-Islam. • Sheikh Mahmud Ashur, former deputy to the Grand Imam of al-Azhar and member of the Islamic Research Academy. Source: fatwa from Dar Al-Ifta Al Misriyyah 08.08.2010

  26. 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Apr Jun So, how can we implement this fatwa? NORMAL DIFFICULT NORMAL ? ? ? ? Isha 13.04 31.08 Maghrib Transition Period Transition Period Asr Duhr Sunrise Subh

  27. 24:00 22:00 20:00 18:00 16:00 14:00 12:00 10:00 08:00 06:00 04:00 02:00 00:00 Mar May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Apr Jun This is the new prayer schedule for Trondheim NORMAL DIFFICULT NORMAL Isha 13.04 31.08 Maghrib Transition Period Transition Period Asr Duhr Sunrise Subh

  28. Finally, what are the features and benefits for this new prayer schedule for Muslims in Trondheim? • Fasting (shaum) length: • Maximum: 14.9 hours (19-21 June) • Minimum : 7.9 hours (21-23 December) • During winter time, the latest Subh time is at 06:42. • You can pray Subh at masjid or at home easier (no need to pray Subh at work place or school). • The latest Isha time throughout the year is at 21:37. • It is easier to pray Isha and taraweh during Ramadhan if it comes on the summer time. • No need to make ”generic schedule” for Ramadhan in summer time.

  29. Alhamdulillah, jazakumullah khair… • For more information, please visit: http://www.dareleman.no/gb/?page_id=73 • Or contact the author: suyuthi@gmail.com admin@dareleman.no

More Related