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Review Guide 1 st Nine Weeks Test

Review Guide 1 st Nine Weeks Test. 20113-2014. Scientific Investigation. 1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative data. Qualitative—physical description Quantitative—numbers. 2. Hypothesis, Law and theory. Hypothesis—prediction of outcome or testable statement. “If…then…”

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Review Guide 1 st Nine Weeks Test

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  1. Review Guide 1st Nine Weeks Test 20113-2014

  2. Scientific Investigation

  3. 1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative data • Qualitative—physical description • Quantitative—numbers

  4. 2. Hypothesis, Law and theory • Hypothesis—prediction of outcome or testable statement. “If…then…” • Law—specific, formula, concise • Theory—explains broad range of observations, answers why, general • Can all be supported by scientific research

  5. 3. Independent variable, dependent variable, control group, constant, experimental group • IV—what is tested • DV—outcome (number) • Experimental group—gets treatment • Control group—doesn’t get treatment--comparison • Constant—all other variables in an experiment that are not changed

  6. 4. What kind of tools for labs? • Probe ware— • Test ph • Temperature • Dissolved oxygen

  7. 5. Observation vs. inference Observation inference • 1. uses senses to gather info • assumption

  8. 6. Errors in an experiment • 1. inaccurate measuring • 2. too many variables • 3. sample size is too small

  9. 7. Experiment validity • Must be repeatable by others and get same results

  10. 8. Data collection • 1. mean—average • 10, 20, 30 –mean=20

  11. Biochemistry

  12. 1. What are three factors that effect an enzyme reaction? Why is shape so important? • 1. temperature • 2. ph • 3. amount of enzyme • Active site and substrate must fit together tightly for reaction to occur—overheating changes shape

  13. 2. Enzyme function • 1. Lower activation energy • 2. speed up a reaction

  14. Carbohydrates

  15. Lipids

  16. Proteins

  17. Nucleic Acids

  18. 4. Virus structure • Protein coating (amino acids) surrounding dna or rna (nucleotides)

  19. 5. Elements of living things • C, H, O, N, P, S

  20. Properties of Water

  21. 1. properties of water • ice floats • Slow to release heat • high specific heat • Storage of energy • Cohesive/Adhesion—allows for hydrogen bonding • Polarity—allows substances to dissolve

  22. 2. pH scale • Acids—0 to <7 • Neutral—7 • Bases >7 to 14

  23. Characteristics of life

  24. 1. Viruses are not living … • Can’t reproduce without host • No organelles

  25. 2. homeostasis • Maintaining internal stability or balance

  26. cells

  27. 1. components of modern cell theory Traditional Modern • 1. All living things made of cells • 2. basic unit of life • 3. Cells from cells • . • Energy flow in cells • DNA passed cell to cell during division • Cells are the same in organisms of same species

  28. eukaryote 2. prokaryote vs. eukaryote prokaryote DNA (genetic material) bacteria Both have: Ribosomes Cell membrane and cell wall Cytoplasm • Nucleus w/DNA • Membrane bound organelles • Plants, animals

  29. 3. Cell structure and function • Nucleus—has DNA, directs cell • Ribosome—makes protein • Mitochondrion—convert food to energy • Chloroplast—photosynthesis • Endoplasmic reticulum—transport system • Smooth—make lipids and break down toxins • Rough--manufacture and transport proteins • golgi apparatus—modifies proteins and ships outside of cell

  30. Lysosome—digestive enzymes • Cell membrane—barrier; regulates what enters and leaves • Vacuole—stores water and waste • Cytoplasm—gel (cytosol) and organelles inside cell • Centriole—assists in cell division • Cytoskeleton—holds organelles in place

  31. 4. Cell membrane functions • 1. control movement of substances • 2. cell to cell communication • 3. recognizes cells to start metabolic functions

  32. 4. Surface area to volume • Larger cells less efficient—lower surface area to volume ratio. Cells need a large surface area per unit of volume ratio for diffusion of materials and elimination of wastes

  33. formula • 1. surface area: l2 x # of sides= • 2. volume: l2 x h= • 3. surface area/volume • Cells size surface area to volume

  34. animal 5. Plant vs animal cell plant Cell wall Central vacuole Chloroplasts Both have: Nucleus organelles • Cell membrane • Small vacuoles • centrioles

  35. Active 6. Transport Passive No energy High conc. To low (pressure) Move substances into cell Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Both: Movement across cell membrane Can use carrier protein • Energy • Low to high conc. (pressure) • Move substances into and out of cell • Endocytosis • Exocytosis • sodium-potassium pump

  36. hypertonic 7. Hypotonic vs. hypertonic hypotonic Lower salt Cell swells • Higher salt • Cell shrinks • Isotonic—balanced no net movement

  37. Photosynthesis and cell respiration • 1. absorbs reds, blues • 2. reflects green—least usable for photosynthesis

  38. 19.

  39. 20. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic • ANAEROBIC • Takes place in the cytoplasm • No oxygen needed • 2 ATP Produced • End products: • Alcohol + CO2 • Lactic acid • AEROBIC • Takes place in the mitochondria • Oxygen needed • 36 ATP Produced • End products: • CO2 • H2O

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