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Integrated science for our changing world ceh.ac.uk

Integrated science for our changing world www.ceh.ac.uk. Review of effects in the Mediterranean. Policy-relevant indicators. Monitoring of ambient ozone effects. ICP Vegetation: Contributions on Ozone for the Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol. Flux modelling methods and applications.

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Integrated science for our changing world ceh.ac.uk

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  1. Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Review of effects in the Mediterranean Policy-relevant indicators Monitoring of ambient ozone effects ICP Vegetation: Contributions on Ozone for the Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol Flux modelling methods and applications Quantifying and mapping impacts Critical levels workshop

  2. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Ozone biomonitoring with bean • Ozone-sensitive and –resistant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Participation in 2009: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, (15 sites -10 countries) Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, UK Aim: develop ozone flux-effect relationship for bean

  3. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Impacts in Mediterranean areas Bermejo (2002) • Negative impacts on yield/quality of over 20 crops (e.g. potato, tomato, bean, watermelon, artichoke, lettuce, spinach, chicory). • Decrease marketable value • Visible leaf damage, physiological effects, growth reduction trees (Holm oak, Carob tree, Aleppo pine, laurel) • Scarce info on sensitivity herbaceous plant communities Sugar - tomato Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Sanz et al. (2007) aa Flowers - clover

  4. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE New/revised flux-based CLe (doc 14) • Expert Panel Meeting: ‘Flux-based assessment • of ozone effects for air pollution policy’, Nov 2009 • Follow on at 23rd Task Force meeting, Feb 2010 • 10 new/revised flux-based critical levels adopted, • included in revision of Mapping Manual chapter 3 • New terminology: Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above • threshold Y (PODY), previously called AFstY • Policy relevant indicators identified • Retain concentration-based CLs in Mapping Manual Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  5. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Revised flux-based critical levels Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk * PODY = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y Used to define policy-relevant indicators

  6. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Crops • Full flux model • Critical level (and response function) • for security of food supplies: • Protein yield of wheat • Tomato fruit yield • For both a POD6 of 2 mmol m-2 • Generic crop flux model (for IAM) • Generic crop flux-response function to show areas at highest risk of ozone damage (POD3) in EMEP domain Protein yield wheat Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Tomato

  7. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Forests • Critical level (full flux model) for protection against: • (1) Loss of carbon storage in the living biomass of trees • (2) Loss of environmental protection (e.g. soil erosion, • floods, avalanches) • Beech/birch: POD1 = 4 mmol m-2 • Generic forest tree model for • generic deciduous and evergreen • Mediterranean tree species: POD1 • (for IAM) Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  8. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE (Semi-)natural vegetation • Critical level (full flux model) for • protection against: • Loss of vitality and fodder quality of • pasture: Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2 • (2) Loss of vitality of natural species*: • Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2 • * May also protect against loss of biodiversity • Note: No generic flux-model available for IAM Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  9. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Application of ozone critical levels (1) • Flux-based critical levels: • Full flux models/response functions: modelling impacts at local/regional scale (e.g. effects on food security and ecosystem services); suitable for economic impact assessments • Modelling risk of damage without quantification: • Generic flux model/response functions (crops, trees) (no CLe): for large scale modelling, including IAM, to provide an indication of risk; not suitable for economic impact assessment • Additional species-specific flux models (without suitable effects data): for application at local scale to indicate risk to specific species Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  10. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Application of ozone critical levels (2) • Concentration-based critical levels/response functions: • Estimating damage in areas where no stomatal conductance and/or climatic data available; should not be used for economic impact assessment • VPD-modified AOT30: • Assessing risk of visible leaf injury, useful for leafy crops, where quality and market value is affected Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Fully revised this summer

  11. Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Ex-post examples Flux to generic deciduous tree (POD1) Health –based (SOMO35) Year 2000

  12. Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Ex-post examples Flux to generic deciduous tree (POD1) Health –based (SOMO35) Year 2020 - MFR

  13. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Robustness CL ozone • Main uncertainties: • Impacts soil moisture on ozone flux • Extrapolation from ozone exposure systems to field conditions • Trees: extrapolation effects on young (< 10 years) to mature trees • Crops: - CLs substantiated in Ozone Evidence Report • (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., in press) • - Meta-analysis: 43 ppb O3 - 18% decline in wheat grain • yield and 16% decline biomasss (Feng et al., 2008) • Forest trees: - Epidemiological study in Switzerland confirmed flux- • based CL for beech/birch (Braun et al., 2010) • - 40 ppb O3: reduction biomass 7% (Wittig et al., 2009) • (Semi-)natural vegetation most uncertain due to its complexity • (productive grasslands < low input grasslands < natural ecosystems) Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  14. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Biological diversity • Different sensitivities to O3 identified for • plant species (Hayes et al., 2007) and • communities (Mills et al., 2007) • ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/9 • Legumes (N-fixers) identified as a • particular O3-sensitive plant group • Hardly any field-based evidence: • - little field-based research done • - difficult to separate O3 impacts • from impacts other drivers of change Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk Volk et al., 2006 Hayes et al., 2008

  15. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Trends • Ozone flux and CLex.: • - No clear temporal trends • More damage in higher ozone • years and in areas with highest • flux and critical level exceedance • (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., • 2010) Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

  16. ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE Revision Gothenburg Protocol (GP) • 26th session Executive Body (ECE/EB.AIR/96): • Para 23c: ‘…. policies aiming only at health effects • would not protect vegetation in large areas of Europe’. • Para. 23d: ‘Decided that …… O3 effects on vegetation be • incorporated in IAM, especially in work for the revision of the • GP, and recommended that flux-based methods be used.’ • Annex 1: CLs based on stomatal fluxes are considered more biologically relevant than those based on concentrations since they take into account the modifying effect of climate, soil and plant factors on the uptake of ozone by vegetation. Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk

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