The top 20 crops: their ex situ collections in view of climate change

1. The top 20 crops: their ex situ collections in view of climate change Bert Visser

2. introduction production and consumption figures global distribution potential threats from climate change genebank holdings consequences for genetic resources management This presentation

3. Introduction focus on 22 major and representative crops 6 cereals rice, wheat, maize, barely, sorghum, millets 3 pulses beans, cowpea, groundnut 8 starch and oil crops banana, cassava, potato, yam; coconut, sugar cane, rape seed, oil palm 5 fruits and vegetables cabbage, apple, onion, tomato, pepper

4. Crop statistics: cereals (1)

5. Crop statistics: cereals (2)

6. Crop statistics: cereals (3) production figures different by order of magnitude millets 28,000 tonnes ? maize 725,000 tonnes maize mostly used as animal feed distribution of cereals across the globe varies millets in 64 countries ? maize in 125 countries smaller crops limited to specific climates

7. Crop statistics: pulses (1)

8. Crop statistics: pulses (2) production figures order of magnitude lower than for cereals less extremes different distribution patterns smaller crops limited to specific climates

9. Crop statistics: starch and oil crops (1)

10. Crop statistics: starch and oil crops (2)

11. Crop statistics: starch and oil crops (3) highly divergent production figures sugar cane, potato, cassava largest crops major calorie providers relatively more climate-confined major crops banana, cassava, coconut, oil palm, rapeseed

12. Crop statistics: vegetables (1)

13. Crop statistics: vegetables (2) as globally distributed as cereals production figures much lower than for cereals and some starch crops against a background of many local crops

14. Production figures (106 tonnes; 1990s) after JHarlan

15. Crop statistics: general four types of crops truly global crops: maize, potato, tomato, onion tropical/subtropical crops: rice, sorghum, groundnut temperate/subtropical crops: wheat, barley, cabbage tropical crops only: banana, cassava, millets, coconut adapted to different ecosystems in their climate zones from drought tolerant to highly water-dependent 83% of major food crops from regions of long dry seasons (Mediterranean or tropical savanna)

16. Threats and demands from climate change (1) changes in the following factors CO2 concentration higher temperature higher precipitation higher (temperate regions) or lower (tropical and subtropical regions) length of growing season shorter (linked to precipitation) or longer (linked to temperature) pests and diseases new �combinations� will occur

17. Threats and demands from climate change (2) crops grown in confined zones may show less capacity to adapt in original growing areas may show less variability or variation in available genotypes to easily adopt in new growing areas some large crops may reach extremes e.g. day and night temperature and rice cultivation

18. Desirable traits optimal CO2 response high temperature tolerance day and/or night temperature pest and disease resistances drought tolerance tolerance to water logging short day maturity long day maturity

19. Genebank holdings: cereals (1)

20. Genebank holdings: cereals (2) collection sizes of sorghum and millets much smaller collection size figures follow production figures variable number of source countries for CGIAR collections

21. Genebank holdings: pulses (1)

22. Genebank holdings: pulses (2) high number of source countries of CGIAR collections relative to size of CGIAR collections (cowpea and groundnut) important NARS collections relative to size of CGIAR collections no qualitative judgment

23. Genebank holdings: starch and oil crops (1)

24. Genebank holdings: starch and oil crops (2)

25. Genebank holdings: starch and oil crops (3) relatively small collections due to clonal propagation of most crops concerned clonal potato exception NARS collections dominate strongly cassava (and potato) exceptions few CGIAR mandate crops

26. Genebank holdings: vegetables (1)

27. Genebank holdings: vegetables (2) NARS collections dominate high number of NARS holdings reported CGIAR collections almost absent AVRDC collections on tomato and pepper with many source countries form execption

28. Correlation: production figures & genebank holdings a moderate correlation exists for seed-propagated crops, not for vegetatively propagated crops

29. Preliminary conclusions (1) crops grown in confined zones may show less capacity to adapt in original growing areas may show less variability or variation in available genotypes to easily adopt in new growing areas have been less well conserved in ex situ holdings ? need for additional collecting to increase options for adaptation to climate change

30. Preliminary conclusions (2) vegetatively propagated crops are less amenable to breeding of new (adapted) varieties more expensive, longer timelines vegetatively propagated crops are poorly represented in genebank collections no correlation between production figures and size of holdings ? collections for some vegetatively propagated crops should be particularly supported (e.g. yam and sweet potato)

31. Traits for some major collections: potato CIP pests and diseases, period from planting to harvest, percentage of dry matter GRIN pests and diseases, vigour, frost tolerance, heat tolerance ECDB pests and diseases, drought tolerance, dry matter content, dormancy, early harvest potential, frost tolerance, time to maturity,

32. Some major collections: wheat CIMMYT days to anthesis, days to maturity, growth habit, plant height GRIN disease resistances, plant height, plant habit, days to anthesis, days to flowering, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, winter hardiness ECDB diseases resistances, plant height, principal utilization, lodging intensity

33. Some major collections: rice IRRI days to maturity, panicle length, panicle shattering GRIN disease resistances, plant height, lodging, days to anthesis, days to flower, salt tolerance

34. Some major collections: cassava IITA and CIAT growth habit no CC-relevant traits

35. Some major collections: pepper AVRDC plant growth habit, plant size, days to flowering, days to fruiting GRIN disease resistances, plant growth habit, plant size, days to maturity CGN growth habit, plant height, vigour, time to flowering, time to harvest, diseases

36. Preliminary conclusions (3) Some collections partly described for the traits indicated optimal CO2 response high temperature tolerance pest and disease resistances X drought tolerance X tolerance to water logging short day maturity X long day maturity (X)

37. Preliminary conclusions (4) for many larger crops large collections stemming from many countries exist ? no need for additional collecting however, such collections are poorly described poorly evaluated, or poorly documented for desirable traits ? enhanced efforts to describe or document major collections on climate change relevant traits

38. Summary share of individual crops in global food production shows asymptotic curve only quantitative statement, diversity in diet not taken into account crops growing in confined zones potentially more vulnerable and less well conserved targeted extra collecting may be warranted for most crops ample collections with wide geographic coverage available but not evaluated for climate change-relevant traits, or evaluation data not documented and accessible