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Unit 4

Unit 4. The Critical Period. A. Unity 1.Common language & culture 2. Single geographical unit (Atlantic Ocean) 3. No tradition of hostility against each other 4. Cooperation during war against England. I. Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13. B. Division

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Unit 4

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  1. Unit 4 The Critical Period

  2. A. Unity 1.Common language & culture 2. Single geographical unit (Atlantic Ocean) 3. No tradition of hostility against each other 4. Cooperation during war against England I. Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13

  3. B. Division 1. Loyalty to state, not country 2. Poor Infrastructure- no close contact with neighbors 3. Not economically interdependent 4. No common enemy Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13

  4. C. New Republican Society 1. Governments: a. State gov’t was supreme power b. Every state had its own constitution c. Based on Colonial charters d. Protected civil rights Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13

  5. Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13 D. Voting Rights 1. Adult, white, male, property owner E. Shift in power from wealthy merchants, lawyers to farmers and artisans

  6. Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13 F. Economic 1. Recession caused by: a. Wartime debt b. Decline in exports c. Worthless currency

  7. Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13 G) Social 1. Classes i. Wealthy replaced Tories at the top ii. Remained the same as before the war 2 . Women Challenged laws & customs that made women subordinate to men Not voting rights but laws

  8. H) Slaves 1. War generated intense debate over slavery 2. Enlightenment changed ideas 3. No long morally accepted 4. By 1784 – Mass, PA, CT, RI saw the gradual end 5. NY Emancipation Act of 1799 a. Free children of slaves at 25 years old Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13

  9. f. By 1810, 30, 000 slaves in the North g. South – 30% - 60% of population i. Resisted due to financial investment ii. Manumission laws iii. Necessary evil: to maintain lifestyle and deter challenge to white supremacy iv. Opposed emancipation Post War Colonies: One Nation of 13

  10. A. Articles of Confederation 1.Background a. Approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 b. Each state retains: 1.“sovereignty, freedom, and independence” 2. “Perpetual Union” 3. “A Firm league of Friendship” II. Articles of Confederation

  11. Articles of Confederation B. Structure of Government 1.Central Government a. One house legislature b. Each state had one vote c. Taxes are voluntary d. No national army e. Power to deal with foreign countries f. Settle disputes between states

  12. g. Declare War h. Coin Money i. Borrow Money C. No way to enforce decisions! D. State – State Government (Supreme power) 1. Own constitutions approved by special conventions 2. Constitutions based on colonial charters 3. Limited powers of governors 4. Protected civil rights Articles of Confederation

  13. E. Weaknesses 1. Structure a. One house legislature, one vote, no chief executive b. 9 of 13 representatives to enact laws c. Unanimous vote required for amendments Articles of Confederation

  14. F. Lack of legislative powers 1.Could not tax, could only request 2. Lack of uniform currency 3. Could not recruit army, relied on states 4. Could not control commerce between states 5. Could not control foreign trade 6. Congress not respected by foreign countries Articles of Confederation

  15. G. Achievements 1.Concluded the American Revolution & Treaty of Paris of 1783 2.Kept the states united in name 3. Passed a. Land Ordinance b. Northwest Ordinance Articles of Confederation

  16. III. Events A. Western Territories 1.Land Ordinance (1785) a. Westward lands divided up into square townships b.36 sections c. Square mile (640 acres) d. Income from one section would be used to support education e. Land sold for $1.00 per acre

  17. Events B. Northwest Ordinance (1787) 1. Divide area into 3-5 territories

  18. C. Steps to Statehood 1.Population of 5,000 a. Elect legislature b. Governor, legislature & judges appointed by congress c. Rule territory 2. Population of 60,000 a. Adopt constitution b. Apply for statehood 3. First state created was Ohio in 1803 Events

  19. Events D. Significance 1.Land Ordinance a. Established policy on sale of western land & public education. 2. Northwest Ordinance a. Established democratic treatment of territories Enter as equal states

  20. Events E. Shay’s Rebellion (1786 -1787) 1. Daniel Shays – Former captain in the Continental Army 2. Revolt against a. Imprisonment for debt b. Foreclosure c. Cheap money

  21. 3. Seized court house & attempted to seize U.S. arsenal at Springfield 4. Rebellion was finally suppressed by Mass. State Militia (paid by wealthy merchants) 5. Importance a. Inability of central gov’t to build an army b. Led to an increase in the demand for a stronger central gov’t F. Shays fled to N.Y. & died a poor farmer in 1821 Events

  22. Constitutional convention

  23. A. Background 1. Commercial Convention – Annapolis, MD (1786) a. To Discuss tariff & taxation policies b. Poorly attended c. Led to a new meeting in Philadelphia to revise the articles IV. Constitutional Convention- 1787

  24. Constitutional Convention 2. Absentees a. 90% of population not represented (small farms & frontier dwellers) b. Revolutionary Leaders were absent i. Patrick Henry ii. John Adams & Thomas Jefferson were ministers in Europe

  25. Constitutional Convention- 1787 3. Delegates a. Rhode Island not represented b. Lawyers, bankers, merchants, property & business interests c. Well educated, read & experienced in history, gov’t & politics

  26. Constitutional Convention 4.Leaders a. George Washington – presiding officer b. James Madison – “Father of the Constitution” c. Alexander Hamilton – supported strong central gov’t controlled by educated & wealthy d. Benjamin Franklin – wisdom & compromise

  27. Constitutional Convention 5. Overall Agreements a. Articles of Confederation are weak & must be replaced b. Establish a strong central gov’t c. Three branches of gov’t d. Power to: tax, control interstate commerce, foreign trade, raise an army, protect property & coin money e. Power directly from the people, not the states.

  28. Constitutional Convention B. Bundle of Compromises 1. Representation a. Virginia Plan i. Representation was based on population ii. A two house legislature iii. Drafted by James Madison iv. Proposed by Edmund Randolph

  29. Constitutional Convention C. New Jersey Plan 1. In response to the fear that the larger states could dominate the smaller ones 2. Equal representation One house legislature with one vote 3. Proposed by William Patterson

  30. Constitutional Convention D. Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) 1. House of Representatives would be based on population 2. Senatewould have equal representation 3. Proposed by Roger Sherman of CT.

  31. Compromise

  32. E. Slavery 1. South wanted slaves counted toward representation (increase reps. In the House) but not counted for direct taxation 2. Northern colonies opposed the southern ideas 3. 3/5 Compromise a. three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. 4. The Slavery issue is established for 20 years (1808) Constitutional Convention

  33. F. Tariffs 1. South opposed giving Congress the power to levy tariffs (hurt exporting of crops) 2. North supported mercantile trade 3. Congress has power to tax imports, not exports to control foreign commerce. Constitutional Convention

  34. Constitutional Convention G. Presidency 1. Terms – 3 years to life? 2. Direct Election vs. Indirect Election by Congress 3. Decided upon a 4year term and electoral college

  35. Debate of Ratification

  36. Constitutional Convention H. Ratification 1.Required 9 out of 13 states to approve it.

  37. A. Federalists 1. Supporters of the Constitution a. Business & property owners b. Nation over state c. Stable gov’t to maintain law, d. economy prosperous & gain international respect Madison v. Debate over Ratification Jay Hamilton

  38. B. Anti-Federalists 1. Opposed Constitution 2. Farmers & city workers 3. Loyal to the state 4. Worried that constitution favored wealthy, threatened power of the states & left people open to attacks on civil liberties Henry Debate over Ratification Jefferson

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