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Diencephalon

Diencephalon. Diencephalon. Thalamus  dorsal thalamus Hypothalamus pituitary gland Epithalamus habenular nucleus and commissure pineal gland Subthalamus  ventral thalamus subthalamic nucleus (STN) field of Forel. Diencephalon. dorsal surface. Diencephalon.

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Diencephalon

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  1. Diencephalon مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  2. Diencephalon • Thalamus  dorsal thalamus • Hypothalamus • pituitary gland • Epithalamus • habenular nucleus and commissure • pineal gland • Subthalamus  ventral thalamus • subthalamic nucleus (STN) • field of Forel مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  3. Diencephalon dorsal surface مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  4. Diencephalon ventral surface مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  5. Diencephalon Medial Surface مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  6. THALAMUS مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  7. Classification of Thalamic Nuclei I. Lateral Nuclear Group II. Medial Nuclear Group III. Anterior Nuclear Group IV. Posterior Nuclear Group V. Metathalamic Nuclear Group VI. Intralaminar Nuclear Group VII. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  8. Classification of Thalamic Nuclei مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  9. LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP • Ventral Nuclear Group • Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP) • ventral posterolateral nucleus • ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) • ventral posteroinferior nucleus (VPI) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  10. LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL) Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA, L.po.) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  11. LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Prefrontal SMA MI, PM SI Ventral Nuclear Group TTT SNr GPi Cbll ML, STT مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  12. LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP Dorsal or Lateral Nuclear Group Lateral Dorsal Nucleus (LD, D.sf.) Lateral Posterior Nucleus (LP, D.im. & Z.im.) Pulvinar (P, Pu.) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  13. LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP cingulate gyrus, precuneus Somesthetic Association Area Visual Association area HF SC, Pretectal مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  14. MEDIAL NUCLEAR GROUP Dorsomedial Nucleus (MD) - pars magnocellularis - pars parvocellularis Midline Nuclear Group مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  15. ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP • anteroventral nucleus (AV, A.pr.) • anterodorsal nucleus (AD, A.d.) • anteromedial nucleus (AM, A.m.) • POSTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP • suprageniculate nucleus (SG, Li.) • nucleus limitans (Lim, Li.) • posterior nucleus (PO, Li.por.) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  16. MEDIAL & ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP Prefrontal Cortex Frontal Eye Field MB, HF Medial Frontal Gyrus cingulate gyrus Basal forebrain SNr, SC, RF مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  17. METATHALAMIC NUCLEAR GROUP • Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG) • ventral nucleus • dorsal nucleus • medial nucleus • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LG) • dorsal nucleus • ventral nucleus مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  18. INTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUP • Rostral Intralaminar Nuclei • central lateral nucleus, • central medial nucleus, • paracentral nucleus, • Caudal Intralaminar Nuclei • (CM-PF nuclear complex) • centre median nucleus, • parafascicular nucleus, مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  19. THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS Cerebral Cortex Thalamocortical Neuron Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Subcortical Structure مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  20. Summary of Thalamic Connectivity I. Sensory Input general sensation special sensation taste, equilibrium, hearing, vision II. Motor Input cerebellum, basal ganglia III. Reticular Formation IV. Limbic System mammillary nucleus hippocampal formation مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  21. Sensory Input (1) General Sensation 1. Medial lemniscus VPLc ----------- S I, S II 2. Spinothalamic tract VPLc ----------- S I, S II POm ----------- retroinsular cortex Sm ------------- frontal lobe(?) CL ------------- diffuse cortical areas 3. Trigeminothalamic tract VPM ------------- S I, S II مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  22. Sensory Input (2) Taste sensation VPM pc ------- gustatory area (Brodmann area 43) (3) Sense of equilibrium VPLo ---------- S I (4) Auditory sensation MGv ----------- A I (Brodmann area 41, 42) MGd ----------- A II (5) Vision LGd ---------- V I (Brodmann area 17) Pi, Pl ---------- V I, V II (Brodmann area 17, 18, 19) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  23. Motor Input (1) Cerebellum VLc, VPLo, - M I (Brodmann area 4), Premotor area (2) Basal ganglia 1. GPi (internal segment of globus pallidus) -------- SMA (supplementary motor area) ------- frontal cortex 2. SNr (pars reticularis of substantia nigra) - fronal cortex --------- medial frontal cortex ---------- frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  24. Reticular Formation & Limbic System Reticular formation rostral intralaminar nuclei (CL, Cem, PC), Rh ----- diffuse cortical areas thalamic reticular nucleus (R), LGv ----- adjacent thalamic nucleus Limbic System Mammillary Body AV, AD, AM ----- cingulate gyrus Hippocampal Formation AV, AD, AM ----- cingulate gyrus LD ------------------ cingulate gyrus, precuneus Re ------------------- medial cortex, entorhinal cortex مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  25. Clinical Syndromes of the Thalamus Posterolateral thalamic syndromes sensory disorders Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) syndrome ----- VP nucleus - pain Medial thalamic syndromes disorders of consciousness thalamic neglect, thalamic amnesia, akinetic mutism Anterolateral thalamic syndromes motor disorders paresis, ataxia, motor incoordination, dysphagia مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  26. Thalamic (Dejerine-Roussy) Syndrome Joseph Jules Dejerine (1849-1917) Gustave Roussy (1874-1948) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  27. Visual (Optic) Pathway Modality: Vision Receptor:Photoreceptor Cell of Retina Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve) 1st Neuron:Bipolar Cell 2nd Neuron:Ganglion Cell optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract 3rd Neuron:Lateral Geniculate Nucleus optic radiation Termination:Visual Areas (V I, V II) Brodmann area 17 (V I), 18, 19 (V II) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  28. RETINA - Pars Nervosa 1. Pigment Epithelium - retinal detachment 2. Neuronal Layer (1) Photosensitive Cell Layer Rod Cell, Cone Cell (2) Bipolar Cell Layer Bipolar Cell Horizontal Cell Amacrine Cell (3) Ganglion Cell Layer Ganglion Cell Optic Nerve (II) مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  29. Visual Pathway 1. Optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm 3. Optic tract 4. Lateral geniculate body 5. Optic radiation 6. Visual cortex مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  30. Visual (Optic) Pathway مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  31. Visual PathwayLateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGd) Dorsal Nucleus (LGd) Magnocellular Part 1, 2 Parvocellular Part 3, 4, 5, 6 contralateral afferents 1, 4, 6 ipsilateral afferents 2, 3, 5 Ventral Nucleus (LGv) part of thalamic reticular nucleus dorsolateral ventromedial مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  32. Optic Radiation (Geniculocalcarine Tract) Meyer’s loop مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  33. Clinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion 1. optic nerve 2. optic chiasm 3. optic tract 4. 5. optic radiation A. unilateral blindness B. bitemporal hemianopsia C. left homonymous hemianopsia D. left inferior homony- mous quadranopsia E. left superior homony- mous quadranopsia مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  34. Signs of Visual Pathway Lesion Optic nerve - ipsilateral blindness Optic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia Optic tract - contralateral homonymous hemianopsia Optic radiation - contralateral homonymous quadranopsia - intact light reflex Visual Cortex - contralateral homonymous quadranopsia - macular sparing مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  35. Visual Field Defect left inferior optic radiation lesion right superior quadranopsia مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  36. Hypothalamus Limbic System مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  37. Epithalamus Limbic System Habenular Nucleus Medial Habenular Nucleus Lateral Habenular Nucleus Habenular Commissure Pineal Gland مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

  38. Subthalamus Basal Ganglia Subthalamic nucleus zona incerta Field of Forel H ansa lenticularis H1 thalamic fasciculus H2 lenticular fasciculus مهدی جلالی مجدhttps://m-j-m.blog.ir

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