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Objectives

70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment Chapter 6: Managing Disks and Data Storage. Objectives. Understand concepts related to disk management Manage partitions and volumes on a Windows Server 2003 system

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Objectives

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  1. 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 EnvironmentChapter 6: Managing Disks and Data Storage

  2. Objectives • Understand concepts related to disk management • Manage partitions and volumes on a Windows Server 2003 system • Understand the purpose of mounted drives and how to implement them • Understand the fault tolerant disk strategies natively supported in Windows Server 2003 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  3. Objectives (continued) • Determine disk and volume status information and import foreign disks • Maintain disks on a Windows Server 2003 system using a variety of native utilities 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  4. Disk Management Concepts • Windows Server 2003 supports two data storage types: • Basic disks • Uses traditional disk management techniques • Has primary partitions, extended partitions, logical drives • Dynamic disks • Does not use traditional disk partitioning • No restriction on number of volumes implemented on one disk 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  5. Basic Disks • Maximum of four primary partitions or three primary and one extended partition on a disk • Each primary partition: • Can use FAT, FAT32, or NTFS file system • Has a drive letter • Boot partition • Operating system files reside on boot partition • Can be located on a primary partition or logical drive 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  6. Primary Partitions • A basic drive must contain at least one and no more than four primary partitions • One partition is the system (or active) partition • Contains files to start operating system • Usually drive C on Windows • Can also be used for traditional data storage 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  7. Extended Partitions and Logical Drives • An extended partition: • Is created from free hard disk space that is not partitioned, formatted, or assigned a drive letter • Allows you to extend the four-partition limit • Can be divided into logical drives • Each drive is then formatted and assigned a drive letter 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  8. Volume Sets and Stripe Sets • Only on Windows NT Server 4.0 • Volume set • Two or more partitions combined to look like one volume with a single drive letter • Stripe set • Two or more disks striped for RAID level 0 or 5 • Windows Server 2003 and 2000 provide backward compatibility • Can use but not create 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  9. Dynamic Disks • Can set up a large number of volumes per disk • Volumes are similar to partitions but with additional capabilities • Reasons to implement dynamic disks include • Can extend NTFS volumes • Can configure RAID volumes for fault tolerance and performance • Can reactivate missing or offline disks • Can change disk settings with restarting computer 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  10. Simple Volume and Spanned Volume • A simple volume: • Dedicated, formatted portion of space on a dynamic disk • NTFS volumes can be extended (not system or boot) • A spanned volume: • Space in 2 to 32 dynamic disks • Treated as a single volume • Allows you to maximize use of scattered space across several disks 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  11. Striped Volume • Referred to as RAID level 0 • Implemented for performance enhancement, particularly for storage of large files • Not fault tolerant • Requires from 2 to 32 disks • Data is written in 64 KB blocks across rows in the volume 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  12. Striped Volume (continued) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  13. Managing Partitions and Volumes • Primary tool is Disk Management • Central facility for • Viewing information • Creating partitions and volumes • Deleting partitions and volumes • Converting basic disks to dynamic disks 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  14. Managing Partitions and Volumes (continued) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  15. Managing Disk Properties • Disk Management: • Can be added to a custom MMC • Most commonly accessed via Storage section of Computer Management • Used for the creation, deletion, and management of disks, partitions, and volumes • Shares some property sheets with Windows Explorer, Device Manager 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  16. Managing Disk Properties (continued) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  17. Activity 6-1: Viewing and Managing Disk Properties with Disk Management • Objective: Use Disk Management to view the properties of a hard disk and partition • From AdminXX account • Start  My Computer  Manage  Expand Storage  Disk Management • Explore information available for partitions, disks, and volumes as directed 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  18. Activity 6-2: Creating and Deleting a Primary Partition • Objective: Use Disk Management to create and delete a new primary partition • Create a new NTFS partition using the New Partition Wizard • Assign a drive letter • Verify that the new partition was created • Delete the partition 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  19. Activity 6-3: Creating an Extended Partition • 6-3 Objective: To create an extended partition using the New Partition Wizard • Once an extended partition has been created, you can create a logical drive 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  20. Activity 6-4: Creating a Logical Drive • 6-4 Objective: To create a logical drive within the new partition using the New Partition Wizard 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  21. Activity 6-5: Converting a Basic Disk to a Dynamic Disk • Objective: To convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk using Disk Management • Convert and verify according to exercise • If necessary to convert from dynamic to basic • Must be empty, backup first • Once a dynamic disk is available • Can create different types of volumes on the disk 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  22. Activity 6-6: Creating a Simple Volume • Objective: To create a simple volume on a dynamic disk • Create using New Volume Wizard • Format in NTFS file system • Assign a drive letter 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  23. Extending Volumes • Volume can be extended unless • Functioning as boot or system volume • Possible tools • Disk Management • DISKPART command-line utility 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  24. Activity 6-7: Extending a Volume Using DISKPART • Objective: To extend a volume using the DISKPART command • Open the command line and enter the DISKPART command • Select the simple volume and extend the size by 50 MB • Verify that the size of the volume has been increased 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  25. Mounted Drives • Mounting a drive is an alternative to assigning it a drive letter • A mounted drive is represented as a folder with a normal path • To mount a drive: • Must be on an NTFS volume • Must be an empty folder • Reasons: • 26 drive letter limit • Path access is convenient • Backups 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  26. Activity 6-8: Mounting an NTFS Volume • Objective: To mount an NTFS volume • Create an empty folder • Use Disk Management to mount a drive to the folder • Test by creating a test folder on the drive and viewing it from the mounted folder 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  27. Fault Tolerant Disk Strategies • Fault tolerance • The ability to recover gracefully from hardware or software failure • Hard disks do fail periodically • Software RAID provides various levels of fault tolerance • A combination of RAID and backup can minimize disruption and loss of data 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  28. RAID Levels • Redundant Array of Independent Disk strategies • Set of standards for: • Lengthening disk life • Preventing data loss • Enabling uninterrupted access to data • Windows Server 2003 supports level 0, 1, and 5 • RAID level 0 • Striping with no other redundancy features • RAID level 1 • Disk mirroring (duplicating data from main disk to backup disk) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  29. RAID Levels (continued) • RAID level 2 • Disk striping, error correction across all disks • RAID level 3 • Disk striping, error correction on 1 disk • RAID level 4 • Disk striping, error correction across all disks, checksum on 1 disk • RAID level 5 • Disk striping, error correction across all disks, checksum across all disks 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  30. RAID Levels (continued) • Supported on FAT and NTFS • Either RAID level 1 or 5 is usually recommended • Considerations: • Placement of boot and system files • Number of disks required or supported • Cost (per megabyte of storage) • Amount of memory required • Read and write access speed 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  31. Striped Volume (RAID 0) • Reasons to use: • Reduce wear on disk drives by equalizing load • Increase disk performance • No specific fault tolerance support • Can be created using New Volume Wizard 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  32. Mirrored Volume (RAID 1) • Creates a copy of data on a backup disk • Requires 2 disks • Highly effective fault tolerance since a complete copy of data is available • Disk read performance is equal to non-mirrored • Disk write time is doubled • Created through New Volume Wizard 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  33. Mirrored Volume (continued) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  34. RAID-5 Volume • Requires a minimum of 3 disks • Provides good fault tolerance • Parity information distributed across all drives • Performance slower than with a striped volume (parity information must be computed and stored) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  35. RAID-5 Volume (continued) • Read access is equal to striped volume • Storage requirement for parity information is 1/n with n the number of disks • Created through New Volume Wizard 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  36. RAID-5 Volume (continued) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  37. Software RAID and Hardware RAID • Software RAID uses existing hardware and implements particular software strategies • Hardware RAID requires specialized hardware (more expensive) but lessens the burden on the OS • Often implemented on the adapter for disk drives • Often includes a battery backup • Advantages include: faster read and write, mixed RAID levels, failed disk hot-swap, better setup options 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  38. Monitoring Disk Health and Importing Foreign Disks • Disk Management provides status information on disks and volumes • Number of different status descriptions • Windows Server 2003 provides the ability to import disks from other servers if necessary (foreign disks) 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  39. Disk and Volume Status Descriptions • Optimal descriptions: • Disk should be ONLINE • Volume should be HEALTHY • Common volume messages include: • Failed, failed redundancy, formatting, healthy, regenerating, resyncing, unknown • Common disk messages include: • Audio CD, foreign, initializing, missing, no media, not initialized, online, online (errors), offline, unreadable 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  40. Importing Foreign Disks • Used when a server fails • Disks from the server can be moved to another server • When first connected, the disk status will be foreign and it will not be accessible • Use the Import Foreign Disks option on the disk • If multiple disks are imported • Each disk is imported individually • Default is that disk will use its original drive letter but an available letter is chosen if there is a conflict 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  41. Other Disk Maintenance and Management Utilities • Introduces disk-related utilities other than Disk Management • Some provide extra features or functions • Some are similar but are accessible from the command line 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  42. Check Disk • Allows you to scan a disk for bad sectors and file system errors • Disk can’t be in use during scan • Two start options: • Automatically fix file system errors • Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors • CHKDSK command-line utility has similar functionality 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  43. CONVERT • CONVERT is a command-line utility • Converts existing FAT and FAT32 partitions or volumes to NTFS • Leaves existing data intact 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  44. Disk Cleanup • Allows an administrator to determine where disk space is being used and could potentially be freed • Files that can be removed include: • Temporary internet files • Downloaded program files • Files in recycle bin • Windows temporary files • No longer used Windows components and programs • Can also compress files • Command-line version is CLEANMGR 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  45. Disk Defragmenter • Free disk space eventually become fragmented as files are created and removed • Results in slower access and higher disk wear • Defragmentation attempts to place files in contiguous areas • Defragmentation should be done periodically 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  46. Activity 6-9: Using the Disk Defragmenter Utility • Objective: to analyze and defragment a volume using the Disk Defragmenter utility • The utility graphically displays the fragmentation status of the disk before and after defragmentation • Command-line version of command is DEFRAG • Can be used to schedule defragmentation when used with a batch file and Task Scheduler • Get complete syntax and options with DEFRAG /? 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  47. DISKPART • Command-line utility for managing disks, volumes, partitions • Uses include: • Configuring active partition, assigning drive letters, implementing fault tolerance schemes, etc. • Can manage disks from within scripts • Get the complete syntax and options with DISKPART /? 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  48. FORMAT • Used to implement a file system on an existing partition • Also used on MS-DOS and Windows 9X • Has a variety of advanced settings • Setting allocation unit (cluster) size • Command-line version can be run from scripts • Get the complete syntax and options with FORMAT /? 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  49. FSUTIL • Used with FAT, FAT32, and NTFS file systems • Includes many advanced features, requires experienced user • Information available includes: • Listings of drives, volume information, NTFS-specific data • Tasks include: • Managing disk quotas, displaying free space • Get complete information in Help and Support Center 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

  50. MOUNTVOL • Used to create, delete, or list volume mount points from command line • VolumeName parameter is difficult to use • Complicates adding new mount point • Doesn’t affect removing mount points • Get complete syntax and options with MOUNTVOL /? 70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

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