The Spanish-American War: Rise of the United States as a World Power

1. STANDARD(S) ADRESSED: 11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in the twentieth century. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban revolt against Spain. • Identify events that escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain. • Trace the course of the Spanish-American War and its results.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 2 The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. NEXT

4. SECTION 2 The Spanish-American War Cubans Rebel Against Spain • American Interest in Cuba • U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba from Spain • During 1868–1878 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba • 1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar cane NEXT

5. SECTION 2: THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR America had long held an interest in Cuba When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida

6. SECTION 2 The Spanish-American War Cubans Rebel Against Spain The Second War for Independence • José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 • Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations • U.S. public opinion split: - business wants to support Spain - others favor Cuban cause NEXT

7. CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention Marti

8. Chapter 10 Section 2 A – Why did José Martí encourage Cuban rebels to destroy sugar mills and plantations? Marti hoped to provoke the United States into helping Cuba win independence from Spain.

9. SECTION 2 War Fever Escalates • Spain Takes Action • 1896, General Valeriano Weyler sent to Cuba to restore order • Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps Continued . . . NEXT

11. Concentration Camps in Cuba

12. Chapter 10 Section 2 Guided Reading: Causes American business owners Urged US intervention to protect American Business interest in Cuba. Jose Marti Provoked US intervention by deliberately destroying American-owned sugar mills and plantations. Valeriano Weyler Took harsh actions against the Cuban people, including forcibly removing them to camps, where thousands died.

13. SECTION 2 War Fever Escalates Headline Wars • Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions in circulation war • Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers Continued . . . NEXT

14. WAR FEVER ESCALATES Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

17. SECTION 2 continuedWar Fever Escalates • The de Lôme Letter • Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba • McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis • Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published • - calls McKinley weak, swayed by public • Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry NEXT

19. Chapter 10 Section 2 B – What events increased the tension between the United States and Spain? Publication of the de Lome letter, which criticized President McKinley, and the exploitation of the USS Maine, which many Americans blamed on Spain.

20. SECTION 2 continuedWar Fever Escalates The U.S.S.Maine Explodes • U.S.S.Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property • Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain NEXT

21. U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana More than 260 men were killed Before After

22. The Maine Explodes Unknown artist , 1898 Notice the men flying dramatically through the air

23. WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

25. Chapter 10 Section 2 C – How did the Spanish try to avoid war with the United States? The Spanish agreed to all of the demands of the United States, including a six month cease fire.

26. Chapter 10 Section 2 Guided Reading: Causes Yellow Journalism Encouraged the American public to sympathize with Cuban rebels and the war. De Lome Letter angered the American public because of its critcism of President McKinley USS Maine Led to the widespread support for war; Led McKinley to ask Congress for a declaration of war

27. SECTION 2 War with Spain Erupts The U.S. Declares War • Spain agrees to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war • U.S. declares war April 1898 Continued . . . NEXT

28. SECTION 2 War with Spain Erupts • The War in the Philippines • First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines • Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor • Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey • August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S. Continued . . . NEXT

30. Chapter 10 Section 2 Guided Reading: Causes Cuba Achieved independence from Spain Puerto Rico Went from Spanish rule to American rule Guam Went from Spanish rule to American rule Philippine Islands Sold by Spain to the United States; Annexed by the US

32. Chapter 10 Section 2 Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided? • Many business people wanted the govt to support Spain in order to protect their investments. • Others were enthusiastic about the rebel cause.

33. SECTION 2 continuedWar with Spain Erupts The War in the Caribbean • U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor • Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers - volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied Continued . . . NEXT

35. SECTION 2 continuedWar with Spain Erupts Rough Riders • Rough Riders—Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry • Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill • Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle • U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after Continued . . . NEXT

36. THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill

37. THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

38. SECTION 2 continuedWar with Spain Erupts • Treaty of Paris • Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty • Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines NEXT

39. U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” The war lasted only 16 weeks Cuba was now independent U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million Treaty of Paris, 1898

40. SECTION 2 continuedWar with Spain Erupts Debate over the Treaty • Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism • McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds • Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against NEXT

41. Chapter 10 Section 2 D – What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the US. Spain also sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million

42. Chapter 10 Section 2 Briefly describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Cuba – becomes independent Puerto Rico - became a US TERRITORY Guam - became a US TERRITORY Philippine Islands – became a US TERRITORY